<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867</id><updated>2012-03-08T18:16:27.424-08:00</updated><category term='Portrait'/><category term='Doc'/><category term='Interview'/><category term='Bonnes feuilles'/><category term='Postcolonie'/><category term='Concept'/><category term='Liberté d&apos;expression'/><title type='text'>Hégémonie Culturelle</title><subtitle type='html'>« L'ancien se meurt, le nouveau ne parvient pas à voir le jour ; dans ce clair-obscur surgissent les monstres. » (Gramsci)</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>15</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-1701216592809914250</id><published>2012-02-09T04:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-09T04:52:21.563-08:00</updated><title type='text'>War in Eurabia</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="post post-type-photo" id="post-17285399439" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div class="post-content" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 60px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 30px; padding-top: 30px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="hasCaption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;PARIS – Le monde occidental, et l’Europe en particulier, est le principal champ de bataille des islamistes. Les services secrets déjouent régulièrement des attentats terroristes dont les cibles se situent sur le sol européen. Au cours des dernières semaines, la France, l’Allemagne et l’Italie ont chacune démasqué des cellules terroristes supposées, y compris des recruteurs pour l’insurrection irakienne.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais l’Europe est aussi la ligne de front des islamistes privilégiant une approche plus «&amp;nbsp;politique&amp;nbsp;». Il y a presque cinq ans, le Cheik Youssouf Qaradhawi, imam-star de la chaîne d’information al-Jazeera, et Président du Conseil Européen de la Fatwa, s’est montré très clair&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp; Avec la volonté d’Allah, l’Islam reviendra en Europe, et les Européens se convertiront à l’Islam. Ils seront dès lors en mesure de propager l’Islam au monde entier.&amp;nbsp;» Ce théologien – bénéficiant d’une large audience dans le monde arabe et en Europe – ne pense pas que la reconquête ait besoin d’être violente. Pour lui, la religion musulmane préparera le terrain. «&amp;nbsp;J’affirme que cette fois, la conquête ne s’effectuera pas par l’épée, mais par le prosélytisme et l’idéologie.&amp;nbsp;»&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les islamistes formés ou influencés par la Confrérie des Frères musulmans, le groupe égyptien fondé par Hassan al-Banna en 1928, partagent cette vision. Depuis leur tentative avortée de prise de pouvoir en Egypte, et plus encore depuis leur défaite dans la guerre civile algérienne, l’Europe est devenue leur première priorité&amp;nbsp;: le troisième round des islamistes. Qu’ils choisissent l’option djihadiste, comme Aymen al-Zawahiri – le n°2 et théoricien d’al-Qaïda, ou qu’ils optent pour une approche «&amp;nbsp;réformiste&amp;nbsp;», les islamistes inspirés par la Confrérie des Frères musulmans poursuivent tous le même rêve, formulé par Hassan al-Banna&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;faire flotter le drapeau de l’Islam partout où vit un musulman.&amp;nbsp;»&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leurs stratégies divergent. Les terroristes ciblent par la violence les symboles de l’Occident. Les réformateurs, par contre, ont fait de la lutte contre l’occidentalisation leur priorité – une lutte qu’ils mènent depuis l’Europe, à travers des mosquées, des émissions de radio et des publications. En Afrique du Nord et au Moyen Orient, où ils posent une menace directe pour les régimes en place, ils sont étroitement surveillés, voire même persécutés. Mais en Europe, ils profitent de la liberté d’expression et de la démocratie, ainsi que de l’incapacité des immigrants arabes à s’intégrer. Ils y recrutent à leur aise – offrant à des milliers de musulmans aliénés une nouvelle fierté et une famille politique unie par la croyance en l’Islam radical.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’Occident est utilisé comme une formidable base arrière pour recruter de nouvelles troupes. Grâce à elles, les islamistes espèrent prendre leur revanche en Orient. C’est pourquoi les leaders de l’Islam politique radical se trouvent plus souvent à Londres ou à Genève qu’à Kaboul ou à Bagdad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Londonistan&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Youssuf Qaradhawi, l’imam télégénique, fut jadis le favori pour devenir le Guide Officiel de la Confrérie des Frères musulmans en Egypte. Mais il refusa, arguant que sa mission en Europe était prioritaire. En réalité, il conserve un grand pouvoir d’influence en président le Conseil Européen de la Fatwa, qui prononce les fatwas (jugements religieux) à l’attention des musulmans européens. Une de ces fatwas justifie l’usage d’attentats kamikaze contre des civils. Aucune autre autorité islamique, en Egypte ou en Iran, n’a jamais osé émettre un tel jugement. Le Hamas, branche armée de la Confrérie des Frères musulmans en Palestine, s’est servie de ce jugement européen pour justifier ses opérations. L’homme qui guide les musulmans d’Europe a aussi déclaré que tout contact avec les juifs doit se faire par «&amp;nbsp;l’épée et le fusil&amp;nbsp;». Cela n’a pas empêché le maire de Londres, Ken Livingstone, de prendre Mr. Qaradhawi dans ses bras le 17 juillet lors d’un meeting en faveur du tchador organisé dans la capitale britannique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cette ville, devenue un havre de l’Islam radical, a désormais un nouveau surnom&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp; Londonistan&amp;nbsp;». Les figures médiatiques en sont bien connues&amp;nbsp;: Abu Hamza, Abu Qatada ou Omar Bakri, un réfugié syrien qui n’a jamais caché son admiration pour Oussama Ben Laden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dans un registre moins médiatique, la Fondation Leicester a été créée par des islamistes pakistanais pour propager les idées de Sayyid Qutb, le penseur égyptien qui inspira l’appel au djihad d’Oussama Ben Laden contre les «&amp;nbsp;tyrans apostats&amp;nbsp;», et de Sayyid Abu’l-A’la Mawdudi, le théologien pakistanais qui recommande un retour à la loi de la Charia. Par l’intermédiaire d’un institut de propagande radicale, la fondation pakistanaise a reçu un prix des mains du Prince Charles – une preuve supplémentaire que les islamistes ont bien raison de parier sur la naïveté des démocraties occidentales. Peut-être ces états espèrent-ils, en échange, une relative protection de leur propre sol. La Grande-Bretagne semble néanmoins remettre cette politique en question depuis que la police a découvert des plans d’attaques terroristes. Mais n’est-il pas déjà trop tard&amp;nbsp;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;La Genève Connection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Autre havre des islamistes, la Suisse non plus ne s’est pas encore décidée à agir. Avec sa longue tradition de neutralité et son rôle de centre bancaire international, le pays hésite à s’attaquer aux islamistes, qui bénéficient encore du soutien moral – et souvent financier – des investisseurs saoudiens. Au début des années 60, sous le patronage et la protection de la famille royale saoudienne, Saïd Ramadan, le disciple favori d’Hassan al-Banna, est parvenu à établir un centre islamique à Genève, qui servit de refuge à la Confrérie des Frères musulmans et de camp de base pour les fondamentalistes s’efforçant d’islamiser le continent. Depuis sa mort en 1995, ses fils, tous membres du conseil d’administration du Centre Islamique de Genève, ont repris le flambeau.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le directeur officiel du Centre, Hani Ramadan, vient d’être licencié par la Ministère suisse de l’Éducation pour avoir affirmé que la lapidation constituait un acte de purification, et pour avoir qualifié le SIDA de châtiment de Dieu dans un article au quotidien français Le Monde. Il est aussi célèbre pour avoir appelé les jeunes hommes à refuser de servir dans l’armée française pendant la Guerre d’Afghanistan, et pour avoir organisé plusieurs manifestations «&amp;nbsp;contre les impies&amp;nbsp;» aux portes des Nations Unies en compagnie d’anciens militants de l’organisation terroriste algérienne GIA. Le Centre Islamique de Genève a donné la parole à l’un d’eux le 2 octobre dernier. Un rapport des services secrets suisses inclut un témoignage d’un ancien initié du Centre Islamique de Genève qui affirme avoir pris part en 1991 à une rencontre entre Aymen al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rhaman – l’homme derrière l’attentat à la bombe du World Trade Center de 1993, et deux des fils de Saïd Ramadan&amp;nbsp;: Hani et Tariq Ramadan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tariq Ramadan a fait l’objet de vastes débats en Europe et aux États-Unis. Engagé l’année dernière par Notre Dame pour enseigner la «&amp;nbsp;paix entre les civilisations&amp;nbsp;», les États-Unis lui ont refusé un visa pour des motifs de sécurité, ce qui leur a valu de multiples critiques. Mais en dépit de son message apparemment angélique et irréprochable, Tariq Ramadan n’est évidemment pas qualifié pour enseigner la «&amp;nbsp;paix entre les civilisations&amp;nbsp;». Sur les plateaux de télévision et dans les nombreuses interviews qu’il donne à la presse, il se présente comme un homme de dialogue, sans aucun lien avec la Confrérie des Frères musulmans&amp;nbsp;: un penseur qui ne fait que contextualiser la pensée de son grand-père, de son père ou de son frère.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais dans ses cassettes et ses livres, distribués dans les librairies et les magasins islamistes radicaux, il emploie un tout autre discours qui explique et glorifie l’enseignement et les méthodes de Hassan al-Banna, sans la moindre analyse critique. Cela fait de lui non plus seulement le petit-fils de son grand-père (ce que personne ne peut lui reprocher), mais son héritier politique. Lorsqu’on lui demande s’il approuve le meurtre d’un enfant Israélien de 8 ans qui deviendrait un soldat à l’âge adulte, Ramadan répond&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;C’est est en lui-même moralement condamnable mais contextuellement explicable&amp;nbsp;», dans la mesure où «&amp;nbsp;la communauté internationale a abandonné les Palestiniens aux mains de leurs oppresseurs&amp;nbsp;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fidèle à la nouvelle orientation de la Confrérie des Frères musulmans, Tariq Ramadan a désigné l’Occident comme «&amp;nbsp;dar el shaada&amp;nbsp;», c’est-à-dire comme la terre où il doit accomplir sa mission religieuse. Il tire avantage de cette aura pour enseigner aux jeunes femmes qu’une bonne musulmane se doit d’être prude, et donc voilée, décrire l’homosexualité comme un «&amp;nbsp; déséquilibre mental&amp;nbsp;», justifier la polygamie, et décourager les mariages mixtes entre musulmans et non-musulmans. Plus encore, pour tout ce qui concerne la théologie, il conseille à son audience de se tourner vers son mentor, Youssouf Qaradhawi. Tout comme Mr. Qaradhawi, Tariq Ramadan dit ne pas avoir vu à ce jour de preuve de la responsabilité d’al-Qaïda dans les attentats du 11 septembre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tariq Ramadan veut faire de l’Amérique sa prochaine terre de mission, espérant séduire la communauté afro-américaine, et même la gauche étasunienne. Même si des intellectuels – souvent arabes et/ou musulmans – ont mis en garde contre son influence au cours des 15 dernières années, il y a toujours eu d’autres intellectuels, le plus souvent des progressistes occidentaux, pour se laisser berner par son double discours, allant jusqu’à prendre sa défense. Particulièrement lorsqu’il prétend être la victime d’une conspiration islamophobe ou sioniste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Telle est à la fois la grandeur et la faiblesse de la démocratie&amp;nbsp;: même ceux qui la détestent savent comment s’en servir à leur avantage. Que leurs méthodes soient terroristes ou simplement «&amp;nbsp;politiques&amp;nbsp;», les islamistes constituent une grave menace pour les démocraties occidentales. Est-il possible de tolérer indéfiniment ce mouvement de guérilla souterraine contre les libertés publiques et individuelles, au nom de ces mêmes libertés&amp;nbsp;? Par ailleurs, est-il possible de restreindre ces libertés sans abandonner les idéaux qui font la différence entre nous et les ennemis de la démocratie&amp;nbsp;? La solution est probablement entre les deux. Et elle requiert certainement le maintien d’une extrême vigilance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caroline Fourest&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent;"&gt;The Wall Street Journal,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent;"&gt;2 février 2005&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="hasCaption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;(t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent;"&gt;exte traduit de l’anglais par Monsieur &lt;b&gt;M.R&lt;/b&gt;.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post post-type-video" id="post-17284794621" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div class="post-meta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #555555; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 9px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-1701216592809914250?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/1701216592809914250/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=1701216592809914250&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/1701216592809914250'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/1701216592809914250'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2012/02/war-in-eurabia.html' title='War in Eurabia'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-4523405905617076838</id><published>2012-02-03T07:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-03T07:54:27.500-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Concept'/><title type='text'>The Roots of Muslim Rage</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Why so many Muslims deeply resent the West,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;and why their bitterness will not easily be mollified&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;The separation of Church and State&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In one of his letters Thomas Jefferson remarked that in matters of religion "the maxim of civil government" should be reversed and we should rather say, "Divided we stand, united, we fall." In this remark Jefferson was setting forth with classic terseness an idea that has come to be regarded as essentially American: the separation of Church and State. This idea was not entirely new; it had some precedents in the writings of Spinoza, Locke, and the philosophers of the European Enlightenment. It was in the United States, however, that the principle was first given the force of law and gradually, in the course of two centuries, became a reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the idea that religion and politics should be separated is relatively new, dating back a mere three hundred years, the idea that they are distinct dates back almost to the beginnings of Christianity. Christians are enjoined in their Scriptures to "render ... unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's and unto God the things which are God's." While opinions have differed as to the real meaning of this phrase, it has generally been interpreted as legitimizing a situation in which two institutions exist side by side, each with its own laws and chain of authority -- one concerned with religion, called the Church, the other concerned with politics, called the State. And since they are two, they may be joined or separated, subordinate or independent, and conflicts may arise between them over questions of demarcation and jurisdiction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This formulation of the problems posed by the relations between religion and politics, and the possible solutions to those problems, arise from Christian, not universal, principles and experience. There are other religious traditions in which religion and politics are differently perceived, and in which, therefore, the problems and the possible solutions are radically different from those we know in the West. Most of these traditions, despite their often very high level of sophistication and achievement, remained or became local -- limited to one region or one culture or one people. There is one, however, that in its worldwide distribution, its continuing vitality, its universalist aspirations, can be compared to Christianity, and that is Islam. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Islam is one of the world's great religions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Islam is one of the world's great religions. Let me be explicit about what I, as a historian of Islam who is not a Muslim, mean by that. Islam has brought comfort and peace of mind to countless millions of men and women. It has given dignity and meaning to drab and impoverished lives. It has taught people of different races to live in brotherhood and people of different creeds to live side by side in reasonable tolerance. It inspired a great civilization in which others besides Muslims lived creative and useful lives and which, by its achievement, enriched the whole world. But Islam, like other religions, has also known periods when it inspired in some of its followers a mood of hatred and violence. It is our misfortune that part, though by no means all or even most, of the Muslim world is now going through such a period, and that much, though again not all, of that hatred is directed against us.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We should not exaggerate the dimensions of the problem. The Muslim world is far from unanimous in its rejection of the West, nor have the Muslim regions of the Third World been the most passionate and the most extreme in their hostility. There are still significant numbers, in some quarters perhaps a majority, of Muslims with whom we share certain basic cultural and moral, social and political, beliefs and aspirations; there is still an imposing Western presence -- cultural, economic, diplomatic -- in Muslim lands, some of which are Western allies. Certainly nowhere in the Muslim world, in the Middle East or elsewhere, has American policy suffered disasters or encountered problems comparable to those in Southeast Asia or Central America. There is no Cuba, no Vietnam, in the Muslim world, and no place where American forces are involved as combatants or even as "advisers." But there is a Libya, an Iran, and a Lebanon, and a surge of hatred that distresses, alarms, and above all baffles Americans. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;A surge of hatred that distresses, alarms, and above all baffles Americans.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At times this hatred goes beyond hostility to specific interests or actions or policies or even countries and becomes a rejection of Western civilization as such, not only what it does but what it is, and the principles and values that it practices and professes. These are indeed seen as innately evil, and those who promote or accept them as the "enemies of God."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This phrase, which recurs so frequently in the language of the Iranian leadership, in both their judicial proceedings and their political pronouncements, must seem very strange to the modern outsider, whether religious or secular. The idea that God has enemies, and needs human help in order to identify and dispose of them, is a little difficult to assimilate. It is not, however, all that alien. The concept of the enemies of God is familiar in preclassical and classical antiquity, and in both the Old and New Testaments, as well as in the Koran. A particularly relevant version of the idea occurs in the dualist religions of ancient Iran, whose cosmogony assumed not one but two supreme powers. The Zoroastrian devil, unlike the Christian or Muslim or Jewish devil, is not one of God's creatures performing some of God's more mysterious tasks but an independent power, a supreme force of evil engaged in a cosmic struggle against God. This belief influenced a number of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sects, through Manichaeism and other routes. The almost forgotten religion of the Manichees has given its name to the perception of problems as a stark and simple conflict between matching forces of pure good and pure evil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Koran is of course strictly monotheistic, and recognizes one God, one universal power only. There is a struggle in human hearts between good and evil, between God's commandments and the tempter, but this is seen as a struggle ordained by God, with its outcome preordained by God, serving as a test of mankind, and not, as in some of the old dualist religions, a struggle in which mankind has a crucial part to play in bringing about the victory of good over evil. Despite this monotheism, Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, was at various stages influenced, especially in Iran, by the dualist idea of a cosmic clash of good and evil, light and darkness, order and chaos, truth and falsehood, God and the Adversary, variously known as devil, Iblis, Satan, and by other names. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;The struggle of good and evil very soon acquired political and even military dimensions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IN Islam the struggle of good and evil very soon acquired political and even military dimensions. Muhammad, it will be recalled, was not only a prophet and a teacher, like the founders of other religions; he was also the head of a polity and of a community, a ruler and a soldier. Hence his struggle involved a state and its armed forces. If the fighters in the war for Islam, the holy war "in the path of God," are fighting for God, it follows that their opponents are fighting against God. And since God is in principle the sovereign, the supreme head of the Islamic state -- and the Prophet and, after the Prophet, the caliphs are his vicegerents -- then God as sovereign commands the army. The army is God's army and the enemy is God's enemy. The duty of God's soldiers is to dispatch God's enemies as quickly as possible to the place where God will chastise them -- that is to say, the afterlife.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clearly related to this is the basic division of mankind as perceived in Islam. Most, probably all, human societies have a way of distinguishing between themselves and others: insider and outsider, in-group and out-group, kinsman or neighbor and foreigner. These definitions not only define the outsider but also, and perhaps more particularly, help to define and illustrate our perception of ourselves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the classical Islamic view, to which many Muslims are beginning to return, the world and all mankind are divided into two: the House of Islam, where the Muslim law and faith prevail, and the rest, known as the House of Unbelief or the House of War, which it is the duty of Muslims ultimately to bring to Islam. But the greater part of the world is still outside Islam, and even inside the Islamic lands, according to the view of the Muslim radicals, the faith of Islam has been undermined and the law of Islam has been abrogated. The obligation of holy war therefore begins at home and continues abroad, against the same infidel enemy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Like every other civilization known to human history, the Muslim world in its heyday saw itself as the center of truth and enlightenment, surrounded by infidel barbarians whom it would in due course enlighten and civilize. But between the different groups of barbarians there was a crucial difference. The barbarians to the east and the south were polytheists and idolaters, offering no serious threat and no competition at all to Islam. In the north and west, in contrast, Muslims from an early date recognized a genuine rival -- a competing world religion, a distinctive civilization inspired by that religion, and an empire that, though much smaller than theirs, was no less ambitious in its claims and aspirations. This was the entity known to itself and others as Christendom, a term that was long almost identical with Europe. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Struggle Between the Rival Systems of Islam and Christendom&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The struggle between these rival systems has now lasted for some fourteen centuries. It began with the advent of Islam, in the seventh century, and has continued virtually to the present day. It has consisted of a long series of attacks and counterattacks, jihads and crusades, conquests and reconquests. For the first thousand years Islam was advancing, Christendom in retreat and under threat. The new faith conquered the old Christian lands of the Levant and North Africa, and invaded Europe, ruling for a while in Sicily, Spain, Portugal, and even parts of France. The attempt by the Crusaders to recover the lost lands of Christendom in the east was held and thrown back, and even the Muslims' loss of southwestern Europe to the Reconquista was amply compensated by the Islamic advance into southeastern Europe, which twice reached as far as Vienna. For the past three hundred years, since the failure of the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683 and the rise of the European colonial empires in Asia and Africa, Islam has been on the defensive, and the Christian and post-Christian civilization of Europe and her daughters has brought the whole world, including Islam, within its orbit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FOR a long time now there has been a rising tide of rebellion against this Western paramountcy, and a desire to reassert Muslim values and restore Muslim greatness. The Muslim has suffered successive stages of defeat. The first was his loss of domination in the world, to the advancing power of Russia and the West. The second was the undermining of his authority in his own country, through an invasion of foreign ideas and laws and ways of life and sometimes even foreign rulers or settlers, and the enfranchisement of native non-Muslim elements. The third -- the last straw -- was the challenge to his mastery in his own house, from emancipated women and rebellious children. It was too much to endure, and the outbreak of rage against these alien, infidel, and incomprehensible forces that had subverted his dominance, disrupted his society, and finally violated the sanctuary of his home was inevitable. It was also natural that this rage should be directed primarily against the millennial enemy and should draw its strength from ancient beliefs and loyalties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Europe and her daughters? The phrase may seem odd to Americans, whose national myths, since the beginning of their nationhood and even earlier, have usually defined their very identity in opposition to Europe, as something new and radically different from the old European ways. This is not, however, the way that others have seen it; not often in Europe, and hardly ever elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though people of other races and cultures participated, for the most part involuntarily, in the discovery and creation of the Americas, this was, and in the eyes of the rest of the world long remained, a European enterprise, in which Europeans predominated and dominated and to which Europeans gave their languages, their religions, and much of their way of life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For a very long time voluntary immigration to America was almost exclusively European. There were indeed some who came from the Muslim lands in the Middle East and North Africa, but few were Muslims; most were members of the Christian and to a lesser extent the Jewish minorities in those countries. Their departure for America, and their subsequent presence in America, must have strengthened rather than lessened the European image of America in Muslim eyes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the lands of Islam remarkably little was known about America. At first the voyages of discovery aroused some interest; the only surviving copy of Columbus's own map of America is a Turkish translation and adaptation, still preserved in the Topkapi Palace Museum, in Istanbul. A sixteenth-century Turkish geographer's account of the discovery of the New World, titled The History of Western India, was one of the first books printed in Turkey. But thereafter interest seems to have waned, and not much is said about America in Turkish, Arabic, or other Muslim languages until a relatively late date. A Moroccan ambassador who was in Spain at the time wrote what must surely be the first Arabic account of the American Revolution. The Sultan of Morocco signed a treaty of peace and friendship with the United States in 1787, and thereafter the new republic had a number of dealings, some friendly, some hostile, most commercial, with other Muslim states. These seem to have had little impact on either side. The American Revolution and the American republic to which it gave birth long remained unnoticed and unknown. Even the small but growing American presence in Muslim lands in the nineteenth century -- merchants, consuls, missionaries, and teachers -- aroused little or no curiosity, and is almost unmentioned in the Muslim literature and newspapers of the time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Second World War, the oil industry, and postwar developments brought many Americans to the Islamic lands; increasing numbers of Muslims also came to America, first as students, then as teachers or businessmen or other visitors, and eventually as immigrants. Cinema and later television brought the American way of life, or at any rate a certain version of it, before countless millions to whom the very name of America had previously been meaningless or unknown. A wide range of American products, particularly in the immediate postwar years, when European competition was virtually eliminated and Japanese competition had not yet arisen, reached into the remotest markets of the Muslim world, winning new customers and, perhaps more important, creating new tastes and ambitions. For some, America represented freedom and justice and opportunity. For many more, it represented wealth and power and success, at a time when these qualities were not regarded as sins or crimes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And then came the great change, when the leaders of a widespread and widening religious revival sought out and identified their enemies as the enemies of God, and gave them "a local habitation and a name" in the Western Hemisphere. Suddenly, or so it seemed, America had become the archenemy, the incarnation of evil, the diabolic opponent of all that is good, and specifically, for Muslims, of Islam. Why? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Some Familiar Accusations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Among the components in the mood of anti-Westernism, and more especially of anti-Americanism, were certain intellectual influences coming from Europe. One of these was from Germany, where a negative view of America formed part of a school of thought by no means limited to the Nazis but including writers as diverse as Rainer Maria Rilke, Ernst Junger, and Martin Heidegger. In this perception, America was the ultimate example of civilization without culture: rich and comfortable, materially advanced but soulless and artificial; assembled or at best constructed, not grown; mechanical, not organic; technologically complex but lacking the spirituality and vitality of the rooted, human, national cultures of the Germans and other "authentic" peoples. German philosophy, and particularly the philosophy of education, enjoyed a considerable vogue among Arab and some other Muslim intellectuals in the thirties and early forties, and this philosophic anti-Americanism was part of the message.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the collapse of the Third Reich and the temporary ending of German influence, another philosophy, even more anti-American, took its place -- the Soviet version of Marxism, with a denunciation of Western capitalism and of America as its most advanced and dangerous embodiment. And when Soviet influence began to fade, there was yet another to take its place, or at least to supplement its working -- the new mystique of Third Worldism, emanating from Western Europe, particularly France, and later also from the United States, and drawing at times on both these earlier philosophies. This mystique was helped by the universal human tendency to invent a golden age in the past, and the specifically European propensity to locate it elsewhere. A new variant of the old golden-age myth placed it in the Third World, where the innocence of the non-Western Adam and Eve was ruined by the Western serpent. This view took as axiomatic the goodness and purity of the East and the wickedness of the West, expanding in an exponential curve of evil from Western Europe to the United States. These ideas, too, fell on fertile ground, and won widespread support.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But though these imported philosophies helped to provide intellectual expression for anti-Westernism and anti-Americanism, they did not cause it, and certainly they do not explain the widespread anti-Westernism that made so many in the Middle East and elsewhere in the Islamic world receptive to such ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It must surely be clear that what won support for such totally diverse doctrines was not Nazi race theory, which can have had little appeal for Arabs, or Soviet atheistic communism, which can have had little appeal for Muslims, but rather their common anti-Westernism. Nazism and communism were the main forces opposed to the West, both as a way of life and as a power in the world, and as such they could count on at least the sympathy if not the support of those who saw in the West their principal enemy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But why the hostility in the first place? If we turn from the general to the specific, there is no lack of individual policies and actions, pursued and taken by individual Western governments, that have aroused the passionate anger of Middle Eastern and other Islamic peoples. Yet all too often, when these policies are abandoned and the problems resolved, there is only a local and temporary alleviation. The French have left Algeria, the British have left Egypt, the Western oil companies have left their oil wells, the westernizing Shah has left Iran -- yet the generalized resentment of the fundamentalists and other extremists against the West and its friends remains and grows and is not appeased.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The cause most frequently adduced for anti-American feeling among Muslims today is American support for Israel. This support is certainly a factor of importance, increasing with nearness and involvement. But here again there are some oddities, difficult to explain in terms of a single, simple cause. In the early days of the foundation of Israel, while the United States maintained a certain distance, the Soviet Union granted immediate de jure recognition and support, and arms sent from a Soviet satellite, Czechoslovakia, saved the infant state of Israel from defeat and death in its first weeks of life. Yet there seems to have been no great ill will toward the Soviets for these policies, and no corresponding good will toward the United States. In 1956 it was the United States that intervened, forcefully and decisively, to secure the withdrawal of Israeli, British, and French forces from Egypt -- yet in the late fifties and sixties it was to the Soviets, not America, that the rulers of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and other states turned for arms; it was with the Soviet bloc that they formed bonds of solidarity at the United Nations and in the world generally. More recently, the rulers of the Islamic Republic of Iran have offered the most principled and uncompromising denunciation of Israel and Zionism. Yet even these leaders, before as well as after the death of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, when they decided for reasons of their own to enter into a dialogue of sorts, found it easier to talk to Jerusalem than to Washington. At the same time, Western hostages in Lebanon, many of them devoted to Arab causes and some of them converts to Islam, are seen and treated by their captors as limbs of the Great Satan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another explanation, more often heard from Muslim dissidents, attributes anti-American feeling to American support for hated regimes, seen as reactionary by radicals, as impious by conservatives, as corrupt and tyrannical by both. This accusation has some plausibility, and could help to explain why an essentially inner-directed, often anti-nationalist movement should turn against a foreign power. But it does not suffice, especially since support for such regimes has been limited both in extent and -- as the Shah discovered -- in effectiveness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clearly, something deeper is involved than these specific grievances, numerous and important as they may be -- something deeper that turns every disagreement into a problem and makes every problem insoluble.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THIS revulsion against America, more generally against the West, is by no means limited to the Muslim world; nor have Muslims, with the exception of the Iranian mullahs and their disciples elsewhere, experienced and exhibited the more virulent forms of this feeling. The mood of disillusionment and hostility has affected many other parts of the world, and has even reached some elements in the United States. It is from these last, speaking for themselves and claiming to speak for the oppressed peoples of the Third World, that the most widely publicized explanations -- and justifications -- of this rejection of Western civilization and its values have of late been heard.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The accusations are familiar. We of the West are accused of sexism, racism, and imperialism, institutionalized in patriarchy and slavery, tyranny and exploitation. To these charges, and to others as heinous, we have no option but to plead guilty -- not as Americans, nor yet as Westerners, but simply as human beings, as members of the human race. In none of these sins are we the only sinners, and in some of them we are very far from being the worst. The treatment of women in the Western world, and more generally in Christendom, has always been unequal and often oppressive, but even at its worst it was rather better than the rule of polygamy and concubinage that has otherwise been the almost universal lot of womankind on this planet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is racism, then, the main grievance? Certainly the word figures prominently in publicity addressed to Western, Eastern European, and some Third World audiences. It figures less prominently in what is written and published for home consumption, and has become a generalized and meaningless term of abuse -- rather like "fascism," which is nowadays imputed to opponents even by spokesmen for one-party, nationalist dictatorships of various complexions and shirt colors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Slavery is today universally denounced as an offense against humanity, but within living memory it has been practiced and even defended as a necessary institution, established and regulated by divine law. The peculiarity of the peculiar institution, as Americans once called it, lay not in its existence but in its abolition. Westerners were the first to break the consensus of acceptance and to outlaw slavery, first at home, then in the other territories they controlled, and finally wherever in the world they were able to exercise power or influence -- in a word, by means of imperialism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is imperialism, then, the grievance? Some Western powers, and in a sense Western civilization as a whole, have certainly been guilty of imperialism, but are we really to believe that in the expansion of Western Europe there was a quality of moral delinquency lacking in such earlier, relatively innocent expansions as those of the Arabs or the Mongols or the Ottomans, or in more recent expansions such as that which brought the rulers of Muscovy to the Baltic, the Black Sea, the Caspian, the Hindu Kush, and the Pacific Ocean? In having practiced sexism, racism, and imperialism, the West was merely following the common practice of mankind through the millennia of recorded history. Where it is distinct from all other civilizations is in having recognized, named, and tried, not entirely without success, to remedy these historic diseases. And that is surely a matter for congratulation, not condemnation. We do not hold Western medical science in general, or Dr. Parkinson and Dr. Alzheimer in particular, responsible for the diseases they diagnosed and to which they gave their names.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Of all these offenses the one that is most widely, frequently, and vehemently denounced is undoubtedly imperialism -- sometimes just Western, sometimes Eastern (that is, Soviet) and Western alike. But the way this term is used in the literature of Islamic fundamentalists often suggests that it may not carry quite the same meaning for them as for its Western critics. In many of these writings the term "imperialist" is given a distinctly religious significance, being used in association, and sometimes interchangeably, with "missionary," and denoting a form of attack that includes the Crusades as well as the modern colonial empires. One also sometimes gets the impression that the offense of imperialism is not -- as for Western critics -- the domination by one people over another but rather the allocation of roles in this relationship. What is truly evil and unacceptable is the domination of infidels over true believers. For true believers to rule misbelievers is proper and natural, since this provides for the maintenance of the holy law, and gives the misbelievers both the opportunity and the incentive to embrace the true faith. But for misbelievers to rule over true believers is blasphemous and unnatural, since it leads to the corruption of religion and morality in society, and to the flouting or even the abrogation of God's law. This may help us to understand the current troubles in such diverse places as Ethiopian Eritrea, Indian Kashmir, Chinese Sinkiang, and Yugoslav Kossovo, in all of which Muslim populations are ruled by non-Muslim governments. It may also explain why spokesmen for the new Muslim minorities in Western Europe demand for Islam a degree of legal protection which those countries no longer give to Christianity and have never given to Judaism. Nor, of course, did the governments of the countries of origin of these Muslim spokesmen ever accord such protection to religions other than their own. In their perception, there is no contradiction in these attitudes. The true faith, based on God's final revelation, must be protected from insult and abuse; other faiths, being either false or incomplete, have no right to any such protection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THERE are other difficulties in the way of accepting imperialism as an explanation of Muslim hostility, even if we define imperialism narrowly and specifically, as the invasion and domination of Muslim countries by non-Muslims. If the hostility is directed against imperialism in that sense, why has it been so much stronger against Western Europe, which has relinquished all its Muslim possessions and dependencies, than against Russia, which still rules, with no light hand, over many millions of reluctant Muslim subjects and over ancient Muslim cities and countries? And why should it include the United States, which, apart from a brief interlude in the Muslim-minority area of the Philippines, has never ruled any Muslim population? The last surviving European empire with Muslim subjects, that of the Soviet Union, far from being the target of criticism and attack, has been almost exempt. Even the most recent repressions of Muslim revolts in the southern and central Asian republics of the USSR incurred no more than relatively mild words of expostulation, coupled with a disclaimer of any desire to interfere in what are quaintly called the "internal affairs" of the USSR and a request for the preservation of order and tranquillity on the frontier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One reason for this somewhat surprising restraint is to be found in the nature of events in Soviet Azerbaijan. Islam is obviously an important and potentially a growing element in the Azerbaijani sense of identity, but it is not at present a dominant element, and the Azerbaijani movement has more in common with the liberal patriotism of Europe than with Islamic fundamentalism. Such a movement would not arouse the sympathy of the rulers of the Islamic Republic. It might even alarm them, since a genuinely democratic national state run by the people of Soviet Azerbaijan would exercise a powerful attraction on their kinsmen immediately to the south, in Iranian Azerbaijan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another reason for this relative lack of concern for the 50 million or more Muslims under Soviet rule may be a calculation of risk and advantage. The Soviet Union is near, along the northern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan; America and even Western Europe are far away. More to the point, it has not hitherto been the practice of the Soviets to quell disturbances with water cannon and rubber bullets, with TV cameras in attendance, or to release arrested persons on bail and allow them access to domestic and foreign media. The Soviets do not interview their harshest critics on prime time, or tempt them with teaching, lecturing, and writing engagements. On the contrary, their ways of indicating displeasure with criticism can often be quite disagreeable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But fear of reprisals, though no doubt important, is not the only or perhaps even the principal reason for the relatively minor place assigned to the Soviet Union, as compared with the West, in the demonology of fundamentalism. After all, the great social and intellectual and economic changes that have transformed most of the Islamic world, and given rise to such commonly denounced Western evils as consumerism and secularism, emerged from the West, not from the Soviet Union. No one could accuse the Soviets of consumerism; their materialism is philosophic -- to be precise, dialectical -- and has little or nothing to do in practice with providing the good things of life. Such provision represents another kind of materialism, often designated by its opponents as crass. It is associated with the capitalist West and not with the communist East, which has practiced, or at least imposed on its subjects, a degree of austerity that would impress a Sufi saint.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor were the Soviets, until very recently, vulnerable to charges of secularism, the other great fundamentalist accusation against the West. Though atheist, they were not godless, and had in fact created an elaborate state apparatus to impose the worship of their gods -- an apparatus with its own orthodoxy, a hierarchy to define and enforce it, and an armed inquisition to detect and extirpate heresy. The separation of religion from the state does not mean the establishment of irreligion by the state, still less the forcible imposition of an anti-religious philosophy. Soviet secularism, like Soviet consumerism, holds no temptation for the Muslim masses, and is losing what appeal it had for Muslim intellectuals. More than ever before it is Western capitalism and democracy that provide an authentic and attractive alternative to traditional ways of thought and life. Fundamentalist leaders are not mistaken in seeing in Western civilization the greatest challenge to the way of life that they wish to retain or restore for their people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;A Clash of Civilizations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE origins of secularism in the west may be found in two circumstances -- in early Christian teachings and, still more, experience, which created two institutions, Church and State; and in later Christian conflicts, which drove the two apart. Muslims, too, had their religious disagreements, but there was nothing remotely approaching the ferocity of the Christian struggles between Protestants and Catholics, which devastated Christian Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and finally drove Christians in desperation to evolve a doctrine of the separation of religion from the state. Only by depriving religious institutions of coercive power, it seemed, could Christendom restrain the murderous intolerance and persecution that Christians had visited on followers of other religions and, most of all, on those who professed other forms of their own. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;There was no need for "Separation of Church and State" in Islam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muslims experienced no such need and evolved no such doctrine. There was no need for secularism in Islam, and even its pluralism was very different from that of the pagan Roman Empire, so vividly described by Edward Gibbon when he remarked that "the various modes of worship, which prevailed in the Roman world, were all considered by the people, as equally true; by the philosopher, as equally false; and by the magistrate, as equally useful." Islam was never prepared, either in theory or in practice, to accord full equality to those who held other beliefs and practiced other forms of worship. It did, however, accord to the holders of partial truth a degree of practical as well as theoretical tolerance rarely paralleled in the Christian world until the West adopted a measure of secularism in the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first the Muslim response to Western civilization was one of admiration and emulation -- an immense respect for the achievements of the West, and a desire to imitate and adopt them. This desire arose from a keen and growing awareness of the weakness, poverty, and backwardness of the Islamic world as compared with the advancing West. The disparity first became apparent on the battlefield but soon spread to other areas of human activity. Muslim writers observed and described the wealth and power of the West, its science and technology, its manufactures, and its forms of government. For a time the secret of Western success was seen to lie in two achievements: economic advancement and especially industry; political institutions and especially freedom. Several generations of reformers and modernizers tried to adapt these and introduce them to their own countries, in the hope that they would thereby be able to achieve equality with the West and perhaps restore their lost superiority.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In our own time this mood of admiration and emulation has, among many Muslims, given way to one of hostility and rejection. In part this mood is surely due to a feeling of humiliation -- a growing awareness, among the heirs of an old, proud, and long dominant civilization, of having been overtaken, overborne, and overwhelmed by those whom they regarded as their inferiors. In part this mood is due to events in the Western world itself. One factor of major importance was certainly the impact of two great suicidal wars, in which Western civilization tore itself apart, bringing untold destruction to its own and other peoples, and in which the belligerents conducted an immense propaganda effort, in the Islamic world and elsewhere, to discredit and undermine each other. The message they brought found many listeners, who were all the more ready to respond in that their own experience of Western ways was not happy. The introduction of Western commercial, financial, and industrial methods did indeed bring great wealth, but it accrued to transplanted Westerners and members of Westernized minorities, and to only a few among the mainstream Muslim population. In time these few became more numerous, but they remained isolated from the masses, differing from them even in their dress and style of life. Inevitably they were seen as agents of and collaborators with what was once again regarded as a hostile world. Even the political institutions that had come from the West were discredited, being judged not by their Western originals but by their local imitations, installed by enthusiastic Muslim reformers. These, operating in a situation beyond their control, using imported and inappropriate methods that they did not fully understand, were unable to cope with the rapidly developing crises and were one by one overthrown. For vast numbers of Middle Easterners, Western-style economic methods brought poverty, Western-style political institutions brought tyranny, even Western-style warfare brought defeat. It is hardly surprising that so many were willing to listen to voices telling them that the old Islamic ways were best and that their only salvation was to throw aside the pagan innovations of the reformers and return to the True Path that God had prescribed for his people. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Struggle of Fundamentalists against Secularism and Modernism&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ULTIMATELY, the struggle of the fundamentalists is against two enemies, secularism and modernism. The war against secularism is conscious and explicit, and there is by now a whole literature denouncing secularism as an evil neo-pagan force in the modern world and attributing it variously to the Jews, the West, and the United States. The war against modernity is for the most part neither conscious nor explicit, and is directed against the whole process of change that has taken place in the Islamic world in the past century or more and has transformed the political, economic, social, and even cultural structures of Muslim countries. Islamic fundamentalism has given an aim and a form to the otherwise aimless and formless resentment and anger of the Muslim masses at the forces that have devalued their traditional values and loyalties and, in the final analysis, robbed them of their beliefs, their aspirations, their dignity, and to an increasing extent even their livelihood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is something in the religious culture of Islam which inspired, in even the humblest peasant or peddler, a dignity and a courtesy toward others never exceeded and rarely equalled in other civilizations. And yet, in moments of upheaval and disruption, when the deeper passions are stirred, this dignity and courtesy toward others can give way to an explosive mixture of rage and hatred which impels even the government of an ancient and civilized country -- even the spokesman of a great spiritual and ethical religion -- to espouse kidnapping and assassination, and try to find, in the life of their Prophet, approval and indeed precedent for such actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The instinct of the masses is not false in locating the ultimate source of these cataclysmic changes in the West and in attributing the disruption of their old way of life to the impact of Western domination, Western influence, or Western precept and example. And since the United States is the legitimate heir of European civilization and the recognized and unchallenged leader of the West, the United States has inherited the resulting grievances and become the focus for the pent-up hate and anger. Two examples may suffice. In November of 1979 an angry mob attacked and burned the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan. The stated cause of the crowd's anger was the seizure of the Great Mosque in Mecca by a group of Muslim dissidents -- an event in which there was no American involvement whatsoever. Almost ten years later, in February of 1989, again in Islamabad, the USIS center was attacked by angry crowds, this time to protest the publication of Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses. Rushdie is a British citizen of Indian birth, and his book had been published five months previously in England. But what provoked the mob's anger, and also the Ayatollah Khomeini's subsequent pronouncement of a death sentence on the author, was the publication of the book in the United States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It should by now be clear that we are facing a mood and a movement far transcending the level of issues and policies and the governments that pursue them. This is no less than a clash of civilizations -- the perhaps irrational but surely historic reaction of an ancient rival against our Judeo-Christian heritage, our secular present, and the worldwide expansion of both. It is crucially important that we on our side should not be provoked into an equally historic but also equally irrational reaction against that rival.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright © 1990 by &lt;b&gt;Bernard Lewis&lt;/b&gt;. All rights reserved. &lt;br /&gt;The Atlantic Monthly; September 1990; The Roots of Muslim Rage; Volume 266, No. 3; pages 47 - 60.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-4523405905617076838?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/4523405905617076838/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=4523405905617076838&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4523405905617076838'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4523405905617076838'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2012/02/roots-of-muslim-rage.html' title='The Roots of Muslim Rage'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-612027613584297445</id><published>2012-01-11T06:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T06:42:49.192-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Postcolonie'/><title type='text'>« Dégage, sale nègre ! » ou le continuum colonial</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rjwrmiH3PRw/Tw2TXWDn1qI/AAAAAAAACvg/-eSzTazaDjk/s1600/Julie.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rjwrmiH3PRw/Tw2TXWDn1qI/AAAAAAAACvg/-eSzTazaDjk/s320/Julie.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Depuis plus d'un mois, les Congolais de Belgique manifestent contre la réélection truquée du dictateur Joseph Kabila en RDC. D'interdictions officielles en tolérances quadrillées, le droit de protester leur est désormais refusé sur Bruxelles. Déni de droit qui s'est doublé d'une nouvelle agression de Belges d'origine congolaise par des policiers fous furieux. Le « crime » de Cathy et Julie Mubenga ? Avoir manifesté ? Avoir commis des déprédations ? Incendié une voiture ou détruit une vitrine commerciale ? Non : être « nègres » au mauvais endroit, au mauvais moment ! Coup de projecteur sur cette sauvagerie policière négrophobe bénéficiant d'une totale impunité politique ...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 janvier, Bruxelles, 15h30. Toléré pendant une trentaine de minutes, un sit-in s'est achevé sur les marches de la Bourse, une heure et demie plus tôt. L'objectif des manifestants : « &lt;i&gt;Prier pour ramener la Justice au Congo&lt;/i&gt; ». Réunie à l'appel des pasteurs congolais de Belgique, la centaine de personnes présentes a majoritairement quitté les lieux. Comme d'habitude en surnombre et très nerveuses, les forces de l'ordre quadrillent encore les alentours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sur le trottoir, Cathy Mubenga tente de ne pas y prêter attention. Elle a un autre souci en tête. En compagnie de sa sœur, Julie Mubenga, elle guette l'arrivée de son mari, Simon Mabuila, et de son beau-frère, Emmanuel Pindi, partis garer la voiture. Sa sœur et son fiancé sont venus de Rotterdam (Pays-Bas) pour passer les fêtes de fin d'année à Bruxelles. L'heure est à la détente touristique. Ce jour-là, la famille a décidé de manger dans la célèbre enseigne américaine de restauration rapide, située en face des marches de la Bourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soudain, un policier en civil se dresse devant Cathy ! Et l'insulte avec des propos racistes : « &lt;i&gt;Qu'est-ce que tu fais, ici ? Dégage, sale pute ! Sale nègre ! Dégage !&lt;/i&gt; ». Estomaquée, Cathy tente une explication : « Mais non, j'attends mon mari et mon beau-frère pour aller manger au ...  ». Le policier la coupe : « Tu ne dois pas être ici ! Le feu est vert : traverse la rue ! Dégage ! ». Cathy refuse d'obtempérer. Estimant qu'elle n'a commis aucun délit et qu'elle a le droit de se trouver sur la voie publique. Le pandore se dirige rapidement vers une dizaine de ses collègues en uniforme. Cathy décide finalement d'emprunter le passage pour piétons, suivie par Julie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« &lt;i&gt;Pendant que je marchais, j'ai senti un violent coup de pied dans mes jambes : je suis directement tombée par terre », poursuit la mère de famille. « C'était les policiers qui étaient sur moi et qui voulaient me menotter. Je me suis débattue. Et lorsqu'on m'a tordu le pied, j'ai entendu Julie crier : 'C'est ma sœur ! Qu'est-ce qu'elle a fait ? Mais qu'est-ce qu'elle a fait ?!&lt;/i&gt;' ». Désespérée, Julie Mubenga tente d'empêcher les policiers de brutaliser sa sœur aînée. L'un des pandores se relève d'un bond et lui décoche un violent coup de coude, droit sur l'artère. La jeune femme perd immédiatement connaissance ! Elle tombe à la verticale sur le sol ; sa tête fracassant le bitume dans un bruit sordide ... &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D'une violence inouïe, l'ensemble de la scène a été filmée par Roger Bongos, cadreur professionnel, rompu à se faire oublier des forces de l'ordre en plein travail de répression (1). Sans son habileté et son sang-froid, le cameraman, comme d'autres Congolais, se serait fait embastillé, tabassé, ses images confisquées ou détruites. Arrivés quelques minutes plus tard, deux journalistes du site du quotidien Le Soir parviennent à filmer une autre arrestation brutale. Avant de se faire menacer par les pandores et empêchés d'exercer leur métier (2).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Message à la ministre Milquet&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inanimée, Julie reçoit les soins d'un passant et de son fiancé, arrivé sur place. Cathy, elle, se retrouve enfermée dans une fourgonnette avec huit policiers. «&lt;i&gt; J'ai été tabassée dans le combis !&lt;/i&gt; », affirme la maman, nous montrant son bras et son poignet gauche recouverts de compresses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« &lt;i&gt;Ils m'ont tiré les cheveux, déchiré les vêtements, détruit mes lunettes. J'étais menottée, mais ça ne les empêchait pas de me frapper avec leurs matraques et ils n'arrêtaient pas de m'insulter : 'Tu vas voir, sale nègre ! Espèce de macaque, on va te faire retourner là-bas ! Tu mérites une balle comme les macaques' ... Deux jours après, j'ai encore mal partout et des difficultés à respirer &lt;/i&gt;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Choquée mais digne, Cathy interpelle ensuite la ministre de l'Intérieur de son pays : « &lt;i&gt;Je demande à Joëlle Milquet de faire quelque chose contre ces violences ; de ne plus donner l'ordre à ces policiers d'arrêter et de tabasser des citoyens innocents. Nous n'étions pas venus manifester à la Bourse mais pour manger en famille ! Le sit-in a commencé vers 13h00. A ce moment-là, nous étions en train de faire des achats à Ikea. Mon mari et moi sommes ensuite retournés à notre maison chercher ma sœur et mon beau-frère pour aller au centre-ville &lt;/i&gt;». Pour prouver sa bonne foi, Cathy nous montre un ticket de caisse d'Ikea, daté du 4 janvier 2012, imprimé à 13h41. Soit, effectivement, au moment même ou se terminait le sit-in sur les marches de la Bourse ... &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hospitalisée, Julie Mubenga restera plus de quatre heures en syncope. Elle regagnera le domicile de sa sœur avec une attelle à la jambe gauche ; en attente des résultats médicaux sur l'absence ou non de séquelles suite à sa commotion cérébrale ... « &lt;i&gt;Je reste très angoissée », nous confie Julie. « J'ai fort mal à la tête et aux épaules. J'ai peu d'appétit et ai des difficultés à marcher avec mon attelle ... Mais surtout, cela fait très mal de voir que des policiers peuvent maltraiter à ce point des femmes, les tabasser, les insulter alors qu'elles n'ont rien fait. Et même si on avait participé au sit-in, ce n'est absolument pas justifiable. Il faut qu'ils arrêtent de nous frapper et de nous maltraiter, nous, les Congolais ! La mission des policiers, c'est de protéger les citoyens, pas de les frapper&lt;/i&gt;  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fiancé de Julie, Emmanuel Pindi estime que « &lt;i&gt;le sit-in était terminé depuis longtemps lorsque nous sommes arrivés à la Bourse. A l'endroit où ils ont agressé Cathy, on devait être, maximum, une vingtaine de personnes d'origine africaine. Mais chaque fois que ces policiers voyaient un Noir, c'est comme si cela décuplait leur colère. C'est comme s'ils voyaient en chaque Africain sur place un dangereux agitateur à maîtriser directement. C'était hallucinant ! &lt;/i&gt;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et le jeune homme d'enchaîner sur la façon dont il a évité « l'arrestation administrative » : « &lt;i&gt;J'étais aux côtés du Monsieur qui ventilait Julie inconsciente, lorsque le commissaire, qui dirigeait les arrestations, m'a pris par le bras. Il m'a désigné aux policiers pour qu'ils m'embarquent. Juste avant, il a crié  : 'Qui accompagne la dame en Ambulance ? '. J'ai répondu : 'Moi !'. Resserrant son étreinte autour de mon bras, le commissaire a directement dit  : 'Non !'. En le regardant droit dans les yeux, je lui ai dit : 'C'est ma fiancée ! Elle vient de Hollande, comme moi. Elle n'a pas ses papiers sur elle et personne ici ne connaît son identité ! Elle est inconsciente : comme va-t-elle faire à l'hôpital ?' ... Il m'a finalement laissé monter dans l'ambulance &lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Calme et posé tout au long de l'entretien, Emmanuel conclut sur cette conviction : « &lt;i&gt;Une chose est sûre : ils arrêtaient les gens au faciès ! Si vous étiez noir, vous aviez toutes les chances d'être embarqué. Ce fût le cas du Congolais dont l'arrestation brutale a été filmé par vos collègues journalistes du Soir. Je vous l'assure : ce Monsieur ne faisait que parler ! Il n'a touché ni agressé personne. Au moment où le Commissaire a demandé si on avait appelé une ambulance, ce Monsieur a crié : 'la police est là et c'est nous qui devons appeler l'ambulance ?! Pourquoi vous n'appelez pas cette ambulance ?'. Le Commissaire l'a directement pointé du doigt pour qu'on l'embarque ! Cet homme a été arrêté parce qu'il était noir et qu'il usait de son droit à la liberté d'expression &lt;/i&gt; » ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sauvagerie planifiée&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vivant en Belgique depuis 36 ans, naturalisé Belge et marié à Cathy Mubenga, Simon Mabuila ne risque pas non plus d'oublier le 4 janvier 2012. « &lt;i&gt;En revenant d'avoir garé la voiture, je vois un attroupement où les choses dégénèrent. J'ignore à ce moment-là que c'est mon épouse qui est brutalisée et mise à terre par huit policiers. Lorsque je la reconnais, je cours et tente d'intervenir, mais suis directement repoussé par d'autres policiers. Ils hurlent  : 'Si vous traînez encore ici, vous serez embarqué ! &lt;/i&gt; ». J'ai répondu  : « &lt;i&gt;Mais c'est ma femme ! Qu'a-t-elle fait pour que vous la traitiez de la sorte ?&lt;/i&gt; ». « &lt;i&gt;Dégagez ou on vous embarque ! &lt;/i&gt;», ont-ils crié. C'était d'une violence inouïe  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pris entre l'objectif de libérer son épouse et l'état de santé de sa belle-sœur, Simon Mabuila passera la soirée à faire la navette entre plusieurs commissariats et la Clinique Saint-Jean. De ces heures éprouvantes, ce professeur à l'IPFC de Nivelles retient amèrement une chose : « D&lt;i&gt;ans leur attitude et leur façon d'agir, ces policiers ont eu des comportements racistes. Quasiment tout ce qui bougeait et ressemblait à un Noir était pris et jeté dans des combis ! En outre, quand ma belle-sœur est tombée sur le sol, la tête la première, ils auraient pu faire quelque chose, l'assister, appeler une ambulance. Ils n'ont pas bougé ! Pas du tout ! C'est moi qui ai appelé les secours. Dans un pays qui se dit être un pays de droits, c'est inacceptable de traiter les gens comme ça ! &lt;/i&gt;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Egalement embarquée le 4 janvier et souhaitant conserver l'anonymat, une dame âgée d'une soixantaine d'années témoigne : « &lt;i&gt;J'ai le diabète, j'ai subi deux opérations à l'épaule droite et bénéficie du statut d'invalide depuis 1999. J'ai vu les policiers poursuivre un Congolais. Dans sa course, celui-ci à trébuché sur un vélo et est tombé face contre terre. Tandis qu'il était complètement sonné et que sa main saignait, quatre policiers se sont jetés sur lui ! Ils l'écrasaient et le frappaient. J'ai crié : 'Laissez-le respirer ! C'est un être humain !'. Dans la minute, deux policiers m'ont entouré et dit : 'Allez, kom ! Tu viens avec nous !' ». Je leur ai demandé pourquoi ils m'arrêtaient ? L'un d'eux m'a hurlé au visage : 'Parce que vous criez !'&lt;/i&gt; » ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Après avoir participé au sit-in des pasteurs congolais, Bénédicte Meiers connaîtra le même sort. Mais, volontairement ... « &lt;i&gt;J'étais sur le trottoir en train de discuter avec quatre Congolais&lt;/i&gt; », explique cette chercheuse à l'Université de Liège (ULg). « &lt;i&gt;Soudain, on a entendu des cris et on a vu des policiers tabasser plusieurs personnes. C'était d'une violence extrême ! Ceux qui prenaient les coups n'avaient même pas participé au sit-in : c'était des passants ... Très vite, mon groupe s'est fait encercler par un mur de policiers. Nous ne pouvions plus bouger. A cet instant, je vois une policière qui me fait signe de m'en aller. Très clairement : ils avaient l'intention d'arrêter les gens avec qui j'étais, mais me laissaient, moi, la Belgo-belge blanche, partir ... J'ai décidé de rester. A tour de rôle, ils m'ont fait signe de déguerpir. Je leur ai dit : 'Je ne partirai pas : je suis observatrice et je veux voir comment travaille la police belge'. Cela les a fort énervés. 'Puisque Madame veut être solidaire, on l'embarque !', fût leur réponse &lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Racisme ordinaire&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contrairement aux autres, Bénédicte Meiers ne sera pas victime de violences physiques : « &lt;i&gt;Je me suis laissé faire mais cela aurait pu être violent. Ils sont systématiquement dans la provocation et poussent les gens à bout. Honnêtement, plus d'une fois, j'ai eu envie de les prendre à la gorge. Sachant qu'ils n'attendent que ça pour vous tabasser, je n'ai opposé aucune résistance&lt;/i&gt;  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emmenée dans le bus de la police, Bénédicte se retrouve avec Cathy Mubenga, Victorine Ngalula et une trentaine d'autres détenus d'origine congolaise. Elle est la seule blanche menottée. Plus tard, une jeune policière amène la dame d'une soixantaine d'années. La bousculant et l'humiliant, la pandore l'assoit au fond du bus. Puis lance à la senior : « &lt;i&gt;Tiens ! Mets-toi là avec tes copines ! &lt;/i&gt;». &lt;i&gt;« Là, je l'ai engueulée ! »&lt;/i&gt;, raconte Bénédicte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« &lt;i&gt;Ils sont dans la vexation systématique et sont imbibés de racisme ordinaire. Par exemple : un policier a demandé à Victorine : 'Vous êtes chrétienne, Madame ? '. Cette femme, quinquagénaire, lui répond positivement. 'Léopold II, vous connaissez ?', ajoute le policier. Victorine, perplexe, se demande ce qu'il lui veut. Je le regarde et lui demande quel est le rapport ? 'Avant Léopold II, il n'y avait pas de chrétiens au Congo, Madame !'.'Qu'est-ce que vous allez nous apprendre ?' lui ai-je rétorqué. 'Que les Belges ont apporté la civilisation au Congo, c'est ça ?! Et votre comportement d'aujourd'hui, vous croyez que c'est une preuve de civilisation ?' ... On était tout le temps dans ce registre-là, dans la disqualification : l'autre est bête ; l'autre est sauvage. Tout, dans le comportement de ces policiers, leur façon de parler aux gens, de poser des questions et de faire des réflexions insidieuses, est raciste&lt;/i&gt;  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Malgré nos tentatives, la police n’a pas souhaité répondre à nos questions. Les sœurs Mubenga, Bénédicte Meiers et d’autres s'estiment, eux, victimes d'arrestations arbitraires et d'abus de pouvoir. «  On était sur le trottoir, on ne manifestait pas, on n’entravait pas la circulation et personne n'a occasionné de troubles à l'ordre public  », souligne Bénédicte. Une plainte collective a été déposée par Simon Mabuila, tandis que sont clairement interpellées les responsabilités politiques du Maire de Bruxelles, Freddy Thielemans (PS), du Ministre-président de la Région bruxelloise, Charles Picqué (PS) et de la ministre de l'Intérieur, Joëlle Milquet (CDH) ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;« Congolais : votez Flamand ! »&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durant le sit-in du 4 janvier, deux pasteurs n'ont pas décoléré. Tenus à distance de la Bourse par un interminable cordon policier, l'un d'eux s'exclame : «&lt;i&gt; Pourquoi, ici à Bruxelles, on nous méprise, nous, les Congolais ? En Flandre, on a marché sans problème et, ce samedi, on sera à Leuven (Louvain). In Vlanderen, geen problemen ! Maar als we zijn in Brussels, altijd problemen !&lt;/i&gt; (3) ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A ses côtés, l'autre homme de Dieu a cette métaphore glaciale : « &lt;i&gt;Le Bourgmestre de Bruxelles n'a pas répondu à notre demande de sit-in. Ni par écrit, ni par mail, ni par téléphone. Ils n'ont dit ni 'oui' ni 'non' : voilà pourquoi nous sommes là ! Tout ce que nous voulons dire aux Autorités politiques belges : s'ils veulent la paix au Congo, qu'ils essayent de changer la situation ; qu'ils comprennent que l'homme qui pleure n'est pas un ours qui danse. Le Congolais n'est pas un animal qui doit danser et les Belges, applaudir ... S'ils disent que Kabila est la solution pour le Congo alors nous, nous disons que Bart De Wever est la solution pour la Belgique !&lt;/i&gt;  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allusion électoraliste que tout Belge comprendra aisément. Voter pour la formation du leader de la NV-A, parti visant la séparation du pays et qui vient de paralyser la gouvernance fédérale plus d'un an et demi, voilà une option qui se répand parmi les Congolais. Sur Bruxelles, le PS comme le CDH, partis francophones qui font généralement le plein de voix d'origine subsahariennes, risquent fort d'y perdre des plumes ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D'abord minoritaires, ces appels à voter NV-A ou CD&amp;amp;V dès les communales d'octobre 2012 se multiplient. Et la sauvagerie policière du 4 janvier ne peut qu’accélérer le phénomène (4). Chantage électoral sans lendemains ou « carte-maîtresse » dans le rapport de force avec un pouvoir politique francophone, obstinément sourd aux aspirations des Congolais de Belgique ? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;S'ajoute, en contraste ravageur, la gestion politique et médiatique du « problème » en Flandre. Aucune provocation ou violences policières n'ont été enregistrées à Anvers ou à Louvain lors des marches congolaises. Manifestations qui n'ont d'ailleurs pas été interdites ni entachées de dérives émeutières ... Sur la télévision publique flamande VRT, le journaliste Peter Verlinden - 22 ans de couverture du Congo - critique sans fard le scrutin congolais frauduleux (5). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En termes plus feutrés, il semble inviter l'Etat Belge à ne plus se fourvoyer dans un soutien politique non assumé à la dictature de Kabila, sous prétexte de « stabilité  » et d'intérêts économiques à préserver. Une analyse professionnelle, digne et courageuse. Mais tragiquement absente des médias audiovisuels francophones comme sous les plumes des célèbres africanistes francophones, Colette Braeckman et Marie-France Cros (6) ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« &lt;i&gt;La contestation congolaise a ses origines et celles-ci sont connues » (7), rappelle le professeur Mabuila. « Toutes les classes d'âge et classes sociales d'origine congolaises a été et ira dans la rue pour réclamer la liberté et la démocratie en RDC. Là-bas, les chars sont dans les quartiers, la police est partout, tire sur la population ou procède à des enlèvements et des tueries. Autant de crimes qu'un gouvernement d'un pays démocratique comme la Belgique ne peut soutenir &lt;/i&gt;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Au pied du mur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Président du HCLC (Haut Conseil de Libération du Congo), Henri Muke milite depuis 2004 contre la dictature en RDC. « &lt;i&gt;A chaque manifestation à Bruxelles, il y a des policiers qui nous injurient : 'Sales nègres, rentrez au pays ! Vous n'avez rien à faire, ici !'. On est y habitué. Des policiers sont même venus jusqu'à mon domicile pour me dire de 'rentrer au Zaïre', que je n'avais 'pas à faire de politique en Belgique'. Ils ont dit 'Zaïre' au lieu de 'Congo', c'est vous dire ... », sourit celui que ses amis surnomment avec respect « Combattant &lt;/i&gt;».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« &lt;i&gt;Nous avons dénoncé ce racisme policier au Maire de la commune d'Ixelles, Willy Decourty », poursuit Henri. « On lui a décrit comment ils ont tabassé d'autres femmes et des jeunes à Matonge (quartier africain d'Ixelles secoué par deux semaines d'émeutes, début décembre, ndlr). On lui a raconté comment les policiers lancent des bombes lacrymogènes sur les manifestants pour faire monter la tension. Tout cela relève de plans prémédités. Comme ce qui s'est passé le 4 janvier&lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Du communal au Fédéral, les Autorités belges sont au pied du mur. Soit elles persistent à s'enfoncer dans le continuum colonial - d'autant plus insupportable qu'il accuse plus d'un siècle d'existence oppressive sous des formes diverses - soit elles retrouvent une cohérence avec leur défense affichée des principes démocratiques. Dans le second cas, deux urgences politiques sont incontournables. D'une part, condamner sans équivoque le hold-up électoral du régime Kabila ; d'autre part, cesser de traiter les Congolais et Belges d'origine congolaise en citoyens de seconde zone à qui on interdit de manifester.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De Montréal à Madrid, en passant par Londres, Paris ou Bruxelles, un vent de révolte unit et mobilise la diaspora congolaise. A l'instar des révolutions du Maghreb, celui-ci ne s'arrêtera pas. « &lt;i&gt;Qu'ils soient en Belgique ou ailleurs, les Congolais s'informent et savent ce qui s'est passé », conclut Simon Mabuila. « Aucun peuple ne peut accepter la fraude électorale. Si en Belgique, un parti parvenait à truquer les élections en sa faveur, les Belges l'accepteraient-ils ? Non. Alors, ce qu'on n'accepte pas en Belgique, pourquoi devrait-on l'accepter pour le Congo ?&lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Olivier Mukuna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) &lt;a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xng7i4_sit-in-a-bxl-un-drame-une-femme-est-dans-le-coma-et-une-forte-repression-gratuite-de-la-police-belge_news"&gt;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xng7i4_sit-in-a-bxl-un-drame-une-femme-est-dans-le-coma-et-une-forte-repression-gratuite-de-la-police-belge_news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2)&lt;a href="http://www.lesoir.be/regions/bruxelles/2012-01-04/une-manifestation-de-congolais-rapidement-dispersee-888174.php"&gt;http://www.lesoir.be/regions/bruxelles/2012-01-04/une-manifestation-de-congolais-rapidement-dispersee-888174.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3) Traduction : « En Flandre, pas de problèmes ! Mais dès que nous sommes à Bruxelles, toujours des problèmes ! ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(4) Comme le montre cet extrait d'un message circulant sur le net, signé Jean-Louis Tshimbalanga, Président de la Convergence pour l'émergence du Congo : « &lt;i&gt;La réprimande musclée et la violence policière sont les seules réponses et le seul langage que réserve la Belgique francophone à tout Congolais qui ose revendiquer son droit humain, en oubliant que la Belgique a une dette incommensurable envers le peuple du Congo depuis le Roi Léopold II. Le temps de la chicotte belge est révolu ... Le temps de nos ancêtres tués pour enrichir la Belgique est révolu ; autre temps, autre mœurs. Aujourd’hui le Congolais veut un rapport égalitaire et ouvert à tous les peuples du monde, dans les échanges équitables et respectueux. Désormais, le 'mot d'ordre' est donné à tous les Congolais de nationalité Belge de 'voter utile, voter Flamands', même extrémistes de droite, car avec eux, il y aura d’autres voies négociées pour aider le Congo à asseoir sa vraie démocratie, seule piste qui suscitera le retour automatique des Congolais d'origine dans leur pays pour le reconstruire et le développer. A bas la dictature et à bas les Belges francophones racistes&lt;/i&gt;  ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(5) &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TblKXw0saGs&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be"&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TblKXw0saGs&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(6) &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdQenS7ldKI&amp;amp;feature=share"&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdQenS7ldKI&amp;amp;feature=share &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(7) Dans le cas contraire, lire ceci :&lt;a href="http://soiressecalvin.wordpress.com/2011/12/29/emeutes-de-matonge-la-necessite-se-poser-les-bonnes-questions/"&gt; http://soiressecalvin.wordpress.com/2011/12/29/emeutes-de-matonge-la-necessite-se-poser-les-bonnes-questions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Olivier Mukuna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-612027613584297445?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/612027613584297445/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=612027613584297445&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/612027613584297445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/612027613584297445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2012/01/degage-sale-negre-ou-le-continuum.html' title='« Dégage, sale nègre ! » ou le continuum colonial'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rjwrmiH3PRw/Tw2TXWDn1qI/AAAAAAAACvg/-eSzTazaDjk/s72-c/Julie.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-3694813920808265512</id><published>2011-01-26T13:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-26T13:32:17.665-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Concept'/><title type='text'>Globalisation vernaculaire</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.images-chapitre.com/ima2/original/727/1020727_3001516.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" s5="true" src="http://www.images-chapitre.com/ima2/original/727/1020727_3001516.jpg" width="205" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Selon Arjun Appadurai, la mondialisation serait avant tout le flux, la circulation : d’informations et de biens, d’images et de messages, de touristes et d’émigrés. C’est la création de « publics », à savoir de minorités, de diasporas, au sein des pays riches. Ces personnes déplacées utilisent les flux d’informations à leur disposition pour créer des « communautés » réticulaires et rester en contact avec toute leur diaspora et le pays d’origine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Les moyens de communication électroniques et les migrations de masse s’imposent aujourd’hui comme des forces nouvelles, mais moins sur un plan technique que sur le plan de l’imaginaire », écrit l’anthropologue. Le capitalisme mondial, en stimulant les flux migratoires et médiatiques, arrache ainsi les hommes à leurs terroirs et à leurs traditions, noyant les appartenances locales dans la grande promesse de la modernité technologique universelle. Mais en même temps, grâce au numérique, il permet aux nomades de conserver des liens robustes avec leur culture d’origine. C’est cette évolution contradictoire, suggère Appadurai, qui opère une métamorphose décisive : l’imaginaire individuel et collectif et le travail mental quotidien des gens ordinaires en sont radicalement trans-formés. Bricolant au service de leurs finalités singulières des éléments venus de partout, chacun, dans l’exil, se fabrique ainsi de nouvelles iden-tités sources de communautés inédites. Le travail de l’imagination collective (ou de l’imaginaire) est ici l’élément clé. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Telle serait la leçon majeure de la mondialisation : comme il n’y a plus de dehors, et plus d’altérité radicale, les relations de chaque groupe avec son passé, avec lui-même, avec les autres, se réinventent. Cette multiplicité de constructions identitaires rend caduque la représentation d’une culture liée de manière fixe à un lieu et un mode de vie. Le « local » n’est pas un endroit géographiquement défini une fois pour toutes. Dans le monde global, il ne cesse de s’inventer selon des localisations diverses » .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il estime que loin d’appauvrir l’invention culturelle, d’uniformiser les créations, d’abêtir les peuples, la mondialisation permet des déploiements inédits de l’imagination collective, stimule la fabrication d’identités ori-ginales. Car il n’y a «rien de plus international que la formation des identités nationales » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Appadurai le redit explicitement, « la globalisation n’est pas l’histoire d’une homogénéisation culturelle. » En d’autres termes, le processus de mondialisation est plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît : loin d’être une simple imposition d’un modèle, américain en l’occurrence, à l’ensemble de la planète, la globalisation suscite des processus de ré-appropriation des signes associés à la modernité capitaliste selon des stratégies identitaires - ces signes vont fonctionner ou seront mobilisés en fonction des historicités des groupes et des cultures, et en fonction des imaginaires historiquement situés (Castoriadis).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-3694813920808265512?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/3694813920808265512/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=3694813920808265512&amp;isPopup=true' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3694813920808265512'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3694813920808265512'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2011/01/globalisation-vernaculaire.html' title='Globalisation vernaculaire'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-1106805511444508000</id><published>2010-05-05T15:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-06T15:04:51.867-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bonnes feuilles'/><title type='text'>Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-H4TR1bJTI/AAAAAAAACUw/muShqrAPcEs/s1600/Casting+Out"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 160px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5467924432693175602" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-H4TR1bJTI/AAAAAAAACUw/muShqrAPcEs/s320/Casting+Out" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law &amp;amp; Politics&lt;br /&gt;By Sherene H.Razack , University of Toronto Press&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.utppublishing.com/"&gt;http://www.utppublishing.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.utppublishing.com/product.php?productid=2337&amp;amp;cat=0&amp;amp;page=1"&gt;http://www.utppublishing.com/product.php?productid=2337&amp;amp;cat=0&amp;amp;page=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Hannah Arendt argued that Holocaust history shows that Jews were perceived and treated by German society as marginal and expendable long before their extermination was acted out. Casting Out shows the complex ways in which Muslims in the West are slowly being driven to become today's exterminables. This is not where its merit ends, however. It is worth remembering that the Holocaust was not a historical inevitability. Those struggling against the dark forces of extermination can succeed, and this book is certainly part of this important struggle. » Ghassan Hage, Professor of Anthropology, University of Sydney.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Three allegorical figures have come to dominate the social landscape of the 'war on terror' and its ideological underpinning of a clash of civilizations: the dangerous Muslim man, the imperilled Muslim woman, and the civilized European, the latter a figure who is seldom explicitly named but who nevertheless anchors the first two figures. This book explores some of the places in law and society in the West where these figures animate a story about a family of white nations, a civilization, obliged to use force and terror to defend itself against a menacing cultural Other. The story is not just a story, of course, but is the narrative scaffold for the making of an empire dominated by the United States and the white nations who are its allies. Supplying the governing logic of several laws and legal processes, both in North America and in Europe, the story underwrites the expulsion of Muslims from political community, a casting out that takes the form of stigmatization, surveillance, incarceration, abandonment, torture, and bombs. “&lt;br /&gt;[...]&lt;br /&gt;“In this book I offer two interlinked arguments about the contemporary context of the 'war on terror'. First, race thinking, the denial of a common bond of humanity between people of European descent and those who are not, remains a defining feature of the world order. Second, this 'colour-lined' world is one increasingly governed by the logic of the exception and the camps of abandoned or 'rightless' people it creates. The camp, created as a state of exception, is a place where, paradoxically, the law has determined that the rule of law does not apply. Since there is no common bond of humanity between the camp's inmates and those outside, there is no common law. For those marked as outside humanity, law reserves the space of the exception. I argue in this book that the abandonment of populations, an abandonment configured as emergency, is accomplished as a racial project.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is now widely argued that today's empire is most distinguished by the proliferation of camps and by the culture of exception that underpins the eviction of increasing numbers of people from political community. Camps range from those whose inmates are 'terror' suspects wearing black hoods (as the cover of this book shows) to those of asylum seekers and their children, facilities hidden away in the deserts of Australia or the suburbs of Texas and Toronto, camps for migrant workers on the Niagara peninsula where workers live in barrack-like surroundings and do not have freedom of movement, and conventional prisons whose inmates nevertheless do not enjoy prisoners' rights and spend long periods in solitary confinement. Camps may even extend to an entire state, as several have argued of the Israeli occupation of Palestine. All such spaces are distinguished by a legally authorized suspension of law and the creation of communities of people without 'the rights to have rights', as Hannah Arendt put it long ago when describing the impact of the First World War and the creation of large groups of people who were homeless, stateless, and 'rightless'. Camps are places where the rules of the world cease to apply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Communities without the right to have rights are significantly different from communities who are merely discriminated against. They are constituted as a different order of humanity altogether by the virtue of having no political community willing to guarantee their rights, and whatever is meted out to the 'rightless' becomes of no concern to others. Indeed, their very expulsion from political community fortifies the nation state. As Hanson and Stepputat observe:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The expulsion of someone who used to have rights as a citizen, or simply to categorize some individuals in a society as a form of life that is beyond the reach of dignity and full humanity and thus not even a subject of a benevolent power, is the most elementary operation of sovereign power – be it as a government in a nation-state, a local authority, a community, a warlord, or a local militia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For many who observe the increasing numbers of 'rightless' people and the creation of camps, it is clear that those most often evicted from political community are racialized. I am particularly interested in how such evictions of racialized peoples make possible the production of white identities – as kin groups, families, nations. Materially and symbolically, camps help to create and sustain a racial and neoliberal order in which white people come to know themselves as a superior people, a community that must fortify itself against pre-modern racial Others who do not share its values, beliefs, practices, and level of civility. Such a racially homogeneous community is nevertheless one made up of subjects who imagine themselves as raceless individuals, consumers, and agents without defining links to community – in other words, as citizens who have the freedom to make their own choices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Race Thinking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To understand the place of race in the concept of a modern world menaced by a pre-modern one, a world of camps, it is useful to consider what Hannah Arendt, in The origins of Totalitarianism, called race thinking. Race thinking is a structure of thought that divides up the world between the deserving and the undeserving according to descent. As Irene Silverblatt has suggested, race thinking encapsulates a much broader phenomenon than racism, since it refers to 'any mode of construing and engaging social hierarchies through the lens of descent. Race thinking enables us to understand 'how a relatively innocent category (like color) could become virulent, how politically defined characteristics (like nationality) could so easily become inheritable traits. In our context, race thinking reveals itself in the phrase 'Canadian values' or 'American values', uttered so sanctimoniously by prime ministers and presidents when they articulate what is being defended in the 'war on terror'. Drawing on the modern idea of race traced by David Goldberg as 'shared social characteristics, ones perhaps deemed as natural properties of the group', and bolstered by what Goldberg identifies as the fourth features of race thinking (the rhetoric of descent, claims of common origins, a sense of kinship and belonging, and the naturalization of social relations), values talk conceals the hierarchy it expresses. Echoing a long-standing imperial belief that Northern peoples possessed an innate ability to govern themselves and were by nature more rational (for Rudyard Kipling, it was 'the climate that puts iron and grit into men's bones'), these statements simply reinstall bloodlines through the idea that some groups have a greater innate capacity for rationality than others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For Arendt, who drew on Erich Voegelin, race thinking matures into racism through its use as a political weapon. Racism's graduation from an obscure free opinion to a full-fledged ideology occurred with imperialism and the 'fateful days of the scramble for Africa.' In imperialism, race thinking combined with bureaucracy, 'the organization of the great game of expansion in which every area was considered a stepping stone to further involvements and every people an instrument for further conquest. As a 'scavenger ideology' (to use George Mosse's words), race thinking picks up political projects here and there and annexes itself to ideas such as evolutionnist doctrines or romanticism with its notions of inherited genius, eventually growing into the full-blown power of racism. We may not find that President Georges W.Bush pursues a race project as single-mindedly as did Adolf Hitler, but we can see how race thinking (the clash of a modern and pre-modern civilization) is annexed to a political project (control of oil, capitalist accumulation, power) and erupts into a full-blown racism when united with ideas about universal values, individualism, and the market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When race thinking unites with bureaucracy, when, in others words, it is systematized and attached to a project of accumulation, it loses its standing as a prejudice and becomes instead an organizing principle. In our time, one result is a securitized state in which it is possible to know that 'the passenger who has ordered a special meal is non-smoking Muslim in seat 3K' and to arrange for that passenger's eviction from the aircraft. Racial distinctions become so routinized that a racial hierarchy is maintained without requiring the component of individual actors who are personally hostile towards Muslims. Increasing numbers of people find themselves exiled from political community through bureaucratic processes in which each state official can claim, as did Adolf Eichmann about arranging the transport of Jews to Nazi Germany, that he was only doing his duty. In the 'war on terror', race thinking accustoms us to the idea that the suspension of rights is warranted in the interests of national security. Captured in the phrase 'they are not like us', and also necessarily in the idea that 'they' must be killed so that 'we' can live, race thinking becomes embedded in law and bureaucracy so that the suspension of rights appears not as a violence but as the law itself. Violence against the racialized Other comes to be understood as necessary in order for civilization to flourish, something the state must do to preserve itself. Race thinking, Silverblatt reminds us in her study of the Spanish Inquisition, usually comes clothed in an 'aura of rationality and civilization.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although race thinking varies, for Muslims and Arabs it is underpinned by the idea that modern enlightened, secular peoples must protect themselves from pre-modern, religious peoples whose loyalty to tribe and community reigns over their commitment to the rule of law. The marking of belonging to the realm of culture and religion, as opposed to the realm of law and reason, has devastating consequences. There is a disturbing spatializing of morality that occurs in the story of pre-modern peoples versus modern ones. We have reason; they do not. We are located in modernity; they are not. Significantly because they have not advanced as we have, it is our moral obligation to correct, discipline, and keep them in line and to defend ourselves against their irrational excesses. In doing all of these things, the West has often denied the benefits of modernity to those it considers to be outside of it. Evicted from the universal, and thus from civilization and progress, the non-West occupies a zone outside the law. Violence may be directed at it with impunity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To divide up the world between the civilized and the uncivilized according to a line of descent requires a racially delineated community of 'original' citizens, a 'volk' constituted against foreigners. Foucault has argued that the modern state, in constituting itself as sovereign and as having the power over life, requires racism. Racism enables us to live with the murderous function of the state and to understand the killing of Others as a way of purifying and regenerating one's own race: 'The fact that the other dies does not mean simply that I live in the sense that his death guarantees my safety; the death of the other, the death of the bad race, of the inferior race (or the degenerate, or the abnormal) is something that will make life in general healthier: healthier and purer.' George Mosse developed a related argument with respect to European racism, pointing out that racism is 'no mere articulation of prejudice,' but is instead 'a fully blown system of thought.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All racists held to a certain concept of beauty – white and classical – to middle-class virtues of work, of moderation and honor, and thought that these were exemplified through outward appearance. Most racists consequently endowed inferior races whether black or Jew with several identical properties such as lack of beauty, and charged them with the lack of those middle-class virtues, and finally with lack of any metaphysical depth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the context of Nazi Germany, Mosse has written, racism “defended utopia against its enemies.' Racism could embrace people who were not themselves racists, Mosse argued, principally through appeal to 'the thought that some had to be killed so that others could live to the full.' When we look for signs of racism's presence, then, it is not simply to be found in the racial hostility some individuals bear towards others not of their race, but also in the ideas that the state must protect itself from those who do not share its values, ideals of beauty, and middle-class virtues. It is by virtue of the foreigner's inherent difference (manifested, as Mosse has suggested, through outward appearance, including cultural and religious practices and accent) to an imagined homogeneous citizenry, a difference understood as inferiority, that states make the claim that utopia is threatened and invoke state-of-exception measures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Camp&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Legal measures that suspend rights in the interests of national security have been variously described as state-of-exception, state-of-emergency, war measures or state-of-siege measures. Whether they are found in immigration provisions, as are Canadian security certificates, whereby detainees are not entitled to see all the evidence against them, or in anti-terrorism acts, they share the paradox that they are laws that suspend the rule of law. It should be noted that the threats against which society must be defended, to use Foucault's memorable phrase, are multiple. As Balibar has observed, they can be threats 'stemming from the economic forces of 'globalization', 'criminal' immigration networks, religious or cultural 'communitarianism', and finally cosmopolitan intellectuals and nongovernmental organizations that allow themselves to be seduced by a 'postnational' ideology. As Aihwa Ong argues, at the heart of neoliberalism is the idea and the practice of the exception, the notion that the government has the right to do anything in the interest of governance. Capital constructs spaces of exception, and a graduated or variegated sovereignty – where, for example, corporations have the right to suspend the law – is the hallmark of neoliberalism. Exceptions operate with varying regimes of in carceration, imprisoning some in migrant worker camps or domestic worker zones and confining others within gated communities but removing all such communities from the reach of the law.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is now a great deal of scholarly attention given to states of exception and to the camps they authorize, not only because the 'war on terror' has brought us Guantanamo Bay with its inmates who are held without charge and indefinitely detained, but also because of the large numbers of migrants and refugees in detention centres throughout the Western world. It is useful to recall that before it became an interrogation centre for terror suspects in the 1990s, Guantanamo Bay held Haitian refugees who were declared to pose an HIV threat. The Clinton administration attempted to justify the inhumane treatment meted out to these refugees on the grounds that Guantanamo was a law-free zone. The 'war on terror' did not mark the beginning of a resurgence of camps or the spread of camp logic. Indeed, when, in 1995, Zygmunt Bauman posed the question of whether or not the twentieth century would be remembered as 'the age of camps', he had in mind Auschwitz, the Soviet Gulag, the Rwandan genocide, refugee camps, and prisons in the United States with their ever-growing populations of colour and their increasing suspensions of prisoners' rights. Similarly, Giorgio Agamben, in Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1995), analyses the stadium in Baril (where Italian police rounded up illegal Albanian immigrants in 1991 before deporting them) as a camp. Agamben's examples include airport detention centres for refugees and the camps into which the Weimar government rounded up Jews.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What the 'war on terror' has prompted, however, is an answer in the affirmative to Bauman's question. The camp has become the rule, and our culture is now globally one of exception. [...]Camps then, are not simply contemporary excesses born of the West's current quest for security, but instead represent a more ominous, permanent arrangement of who is and is not a part of the human community. The exception, Ong shows, produces new kinds of citizens, principally those who are subjected to neoliberal considerations and those who are excluded from it. Cautioning us that it would be a mistake to understand citizenship as structured by a simple opposition between those within the state and those outside of it, Ong emphasizes that the exception be considered as a practice of governance. It can create 'new economic possibilities, spaces and techniques for governing a population.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With this caution in mind, we can consider the logic of the exception, its confirmation of sovereign power, its multiple practices of inclusion and exclusion, as sustaining a neoliberal and racial order that is nonetheless one filled with contradictions and fissures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Law and the Right to Punish Strangers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because suspensions of the rule of law turn on a logic that normative citizens must be protected from those who threaten the social order, a category to which race gives content, those who consider themselves 'unmarked' or original easily find them defensible. Agamben has proposed that we see the state of exception as the 'preliminary condition' for understanding the relationship of law to the living. Following his own directions, and understanding a state of exception as 'a legal civil war that allows for the physical elimination not only of political adversaries but of entire categories of citizens who for some reason cannot be integrated into the political system. Agamben takes us on a sobering journey through American, English, Italian, and German law to show how states of exception become lasting practices of government that enable the state to mark who is a member of political community and who is not. Although we might contest the rigidity of Agamben's account, it is the extraordinary power to cast out that he documents that should stop us in our tracks. Offering a contemporary example, Agamben writes of the 13 November 2001 American presidential decree that authorizes indefinite detention and hearing by military tribunal of non-citizens suspected of involvement in terrorist activity. While aliens suspected of terrorist activity could be taken into custody under the Patriot Act, the 13 November presidential decree 'radically erases any legal status of the individual, thus producing a legally unnamable and unclassifiable being.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neither prisoners nor persons accused, but simple 'detainees' they [the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay] aer the object of a pure de facto rule, of a detention that is indefinite not only in the temporal sense but in its very nature as well, since it is entirely removed from the law and from judicial oversight. The only thing to which it could possibly be compared is the legal situation of the Jews in the Nazi lager [camps], who, along with their citizenship, had lost every legal identity, but at least retained their identity as Jews.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Several scholars draw attention to the relationship between race, violence, and the law that are evident in states of exception. In pointing out that the slave plantation was a space of exception, Paul Gilroy reminds us not to overlook 'how colonial societies and conflicts provided the context in which concentration camps emerged as a political administration, population management, warfare, and coerced labor. It is the idea of a modern civilization encountering a pre-modern one that produced the colonial world as 'a permanent, tropical exception from common law applicable in Europe,' Hansen and Stepputat note. What the state of exception made possible in the colonies was a brutal inscription of the power of the colonizers on the bodies of the colonized, a violence that was legally authorized. Such violence became socially acceptable, Edward Said brilliantly showed, through ideas that the colonized only understand force and cannot be governed through the rule of law as it applied to Europeans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Race perpetually tested the limits of universal law and the exception resolved this tension by providing two different regimes of law under one banner. Mbembe shows for the African context how colonial governance was based on a state of exception, with bureaucrats and company officials possessing a different power than other citizens. The violence of such regimes acted as authority and as morality, instructing all in the power of the law and its spaces of non-law, and consequently in who belonged to political community and who did not. Nasser Hussain provides an example of the logic of the jurisprudence of emergency as authority and morality in his analysis of the amritsar massacre in nineteenth-century British India. Relying on the authority of martial law, the British General Dyer ordered his troops to fire into a crowd of Indians until 379 lay dead and thousands injured. Despite the best efforts of the Home Office to depict Dyer's actions as those of a madman driven to excesses, Dyer himself explained his behaviour as duty – the duty to teach the natives a lesson or, in his words, 'to produce a sufficient moral effect from a military point of view. The killing would have gone on, Dyer asserted, until the lesson was learnt. Only the lack of bullets stopped it. Dyer, Hussain comments, 'unabashedly links the performativity of violence to the project of moral education,' understanding completely that martial law's purpose was none other than the reconstitution of the authority of the state and the inscription of obedience on the bodies of the colonized.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Through emergency, colonial law provided for its own failure, a practice born out of the need to set up a political system that both maintained the rule of law and was able to respond to the exigencies of the colonial situation, one that was rife with 'dissent, and 'disobedience'.&lt;br /&gt;Wherever sovereign power is exercised, and whether or not the performances of sovereignty are spectacular and public as they were in the Amritsar massacre or appear as 'scientific/technical rationalities of management and punishment of bodies, as I shall argue they are in terror arrests and security certificate hearings, such power remains embedded in the idea of the citizen and thus in the boundary between members of political community and those outside of it. Violence is 'fetishized as a weapon of reason and preservation of freedom of the citizens vis-à-vis the threats from outsiders, from internal enemies, and from those not yet fit for citizenship – slaves and colonial subjects.' Sovereignty thus becomes 'embodied in citizens sharing territory and culture, and sharing the right to punish strangers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we look for how sovereign power constructs its authority through its 'capacity for visiting violence on human bodies,' colonial forms of sovereignty were always more excessive than those that prevailed in Europe. However, the colony as a formation of terror revealed the structure of the European juridical order. That order rested on the logic of the juridical equality of all states (each possessed the right to wage war – to kill – and no state could make claims to rule outside its borders), but also on the equally fundamental tenet that this logic did not apply to those parts of the globe outside Europe available for colonization. If Europe laid claim to humanity, Gilroy notes, that humanity 'could exist only in the neatly bounded, territorial units where true and authentic culture could take root under the unsentimental eye of a ruthlessly eugenic government. If the nation existed within the higher logic of a natural hierarchy, that logic also ordered those within the nation itself. Extending Foucault's argument that racism was the ordering principle establishing who shall live and who shall die, Gilroy suggests that at the summit of imperial power, race thinking and race science combined with nationalism to invest the nation with characteristics associated with biocultural kinship in which new forms of duty and mutual obligation appeared to regulate relationships between members of the collective, while those who fell beyond the boundaries of the official community were despised, reviled, and subjected to entirely different political and juridical procedures, especially if they did not benefit from the protection of an equivalent political body.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gilroy's reminder of the nation imagined as a biocultural kin group that must be fortified against culturally and racially different others is especially relevant to today's empire of camps.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gender and the Camp &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Etienne Balibar has remarked that in this time of a single supranational power, it is through the right to exclude that the weakened nation state 'demonstrates (at low cost) the force that it claims to hold and at the same time reassures those who suspect its destitution.' In the 'intensive universalism' of contemporary nation states, Balibar argues, 'anthropological differences' become the reason to exclude. If all citizens are entitled to equal rights, then those who are considered unequal by virtue of pathological, sexual, or cultural difference can be summarily excluded from citizenship on the grounds that they pose a threat to the nation. The racism of empire treats differences between cultures and traditions as insurmountable; racial hierarchy becomes in this way an effect of culture, an outcome of what are considered immutable cultural differences. In the 'war on terror', Muslim cultures and traditions become innate characteristics that permanently mark Muslims as belonging outside the polity. Gender is crucial to the confinement of Muslims to the pre-modern, as post-colonial scholarship has long shown. Considered irredeemably fanatical, irrational, and thus dangerous, Muslim men are also marked as deeply misogynist patriarchs who have not progressed into the age of gender equality, and who indeed cannot. For the West, Muslim women are the markers of their communities' place in modernity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How does it come to be that visions of veiled women dance in the heads of so many that 'codes de vie' must be devised declaring that all women must show their faces in the small North American town of Hérouxville, Québec? In the unconscious structure of Orientalism, the veiled Oriental woman, Yegenoglu observes, signifies the Orient as seductive and dangerous, but the powerful allure and productive power of the fantasy of Orientalism has meant that the European man must dream a dream of possession of the veiled woman if he is to know himself as modern, all-knowing and rational. The longing to possess, to unveil, is often expressed as rescue, and in this way it is a fantasy shared by both men and women. Saving Brown women from Brown men, as Gayatri Spivak famously put it, has long been a major plank in the colonial ship since it serves to mark the colonizer as modern and civilized and provides at the same time an important reason to keep Brown men in line through practices of violence. In the post-9/11 era, this aspect of colonial governance has been revitalized. Today it is not only the people of a small white village in Canada who believe that Muslim women must be saved. Progressive people, among them many feminists, have come to believe in the urgency of saving Muslim women from their patriarchal communities. As a practice of governance, the idea of the imperilled Muslim woman is unparalleled in its capacity to regulate. Since Muslim women, like all other women, are imperilled in patriarchy, and since the rise of conservative Islam increases this risk (as does the rise of conservative Christianity and Hinduism), it is hard to resist calls to 'save the women.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Empire is a gendered project not only in the sense that what happens to colonized men often differs from what happens to colonized women, but because the work that the ruling race does is also stratified along gender lines. Whereas it is principally the men of the West who engage in actual policing (with notable exceptions in camps such as Abu Ghraib where there were also some women guards), it falls to the women of the ruling race to police the colour line in a different way. They mark the West as a place of values, and the non-West as a place of culture, a line in the sand drawn by comparing their own apparently emancipated status with that of their non-Western sisters. The Western subject is 'an unavoidably masculine position,' and Western women, Yegenoglu notes, can access the universal only through asserting themselves in the same fantasy of possessing of the Oriental woman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this book, I devote considerable space to how some Western feminists participate in empire through the politics of rescue, unhesitatingly installing the idea that it is through gender that we can tell the difference between those who are modern and those who are not. As I argue in several chapters, Western feminists fail to see their own implication in the neoliberal politics of empire, understanding only that they are more enlightened than their worse-off sisters in the South. Gender operates as a kind of technology of empire enabling the West to make the case for its own modernity and for its civilizational projects around the globe. Where gender is relied upon in this way, Muslim women find themselves stranded between the patriarchs of their own community and the empire's bombs. That is, either we accept the diagnosis that our cultures and our men are barbaric and take the cure (the bombs on our heads and the camps), or we endure patriarchal violence. From laws against forced marriages in Norway to the banning of faith-based arbitration in Canada, I will offer several examples of how Muslim women are socially constructed on the horns of dilemma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Merci à Karim Ramadan !&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-1106805511444508000?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/1106805511444508000/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=1106805511444508000&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/1106805511444508000'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/1106805511444508000'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/05/casting-out-eviction-of-muslims-from.html' title='Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics (1)'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-H4TR1bJTI/AAAAAAAACUw/muShqrAPcEs/s72-c/Casting+Out' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-4590963726199711202</id><published>2010-05-05T08:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-05T08:14:13.723-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Liberté d&apos;expression'/><title type='text'>Messieurs les censeurs bonsoir!</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-BAJrA59DI/AAAAAAAACUQ/RhITkOnKx4s/s1600/censure.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 238px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5467440482537305138" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-BAJrA59DI/AAAAAAAACUQ/RhITkOnKx4s/s320/censure.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Faut-il encore s’étonner de voir &lt;em&gt;La Libre Belgique&lt;/em&gt; accueillir les diatribes et pressions de &lt;a href="http://bougnoulosophe.blogspot.com/2009/05/claude-demelenne-crotte-de-nez-de.html"&gt;Claude Demelenne&lt;/a&gt; visant à censurer la projection de mon film « &lt;a href="http://fr-fr.facebook.com/pages/Est-il-permis-de-debattre-avec-Dieudonne-/136350504825"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Est-il permis de débattre avec Dieudonné ?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/a&gt;» ? Faut-il s’étonner que cet activiste et son réseau pro-israélien obtiennent des autorités de l’ULB le « report » &lt;em&gt;sine die&lt;/em&gt; de cette projection, initialement prévue ce 27 avril ? Malheureusement, non. Ces phénomènes rétrogrades participent de notre époque qui érige l’amalgame pour seul raisonnement, l’anathème pour seule réflexion politique et porte au pinacle un pseudo-journalisme, incapable de la moindre vérification comme du minimum d’honnêteté intellectuelle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dans son article non signé du 26 avril, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/579058/la-projection-d-un-film-sur-dieudonne-a-l-ulb-reportee.html"&gt;La Libre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; a estimé que l’annonce de la projection de mon film faisait « polémique ». Soit. Mais pour quelle raison ce quotidien n’a-t-il pas jugé déontologique d’interroger tous les acteurs de ladite polémique ? Pourquoi l’auteur de l’article reprend-t-il uniquement le communiqué de presse de Demelenne sans interroger les organisateurs du Cercle du Libre Examen (Librex) ou moi-même ? Pourquoi, le lendemain, ce journal relaye-t-il la prose diffamatoire à mon encontre de la députée régionale Viviane Teitelbaum (MR) sans juger utile de recueillir ma version ? Enfin, qui, à &lt;em&gt;La Libre&lt;/em&gt;, est en mesure de décrire le contenu du film et d’en produire une critique sérieuse ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Autant de questions dérisoires aux yeux de celles et ceux qui s’accommodent ou encouragent les inégalités de traitement, le « &lt;em&gt;deux poids deux mesures&lt;/em&gt; » et le terrorisme intellectuel. Dans mon film, parmi d’autres thèmes, l’humoriste Dieudonné débat de ces questions avec les écrivains Jean Bofane et Antoine Tshitungu, le chercheur en Economie de la discrimination, Souhail Chichah (ULB), le cinéaste Jan Bucquoy, l’ex-journaliste de la &lt;em&gt;RTBF&lt;/em&gt;, José Dessart et le linguiste Dan Van Raemdonck (ULB). Soucieux de la liberté d’expression et du débat contradictoire, ces véritables démocrates ont eu le courage et la cohérence d’accepter mon invitation à débattre avec Dieudonné. Hors diabolisation et pressions politico-médiatiques, ceux-ci ont échangé accords, désaccords, critiques et analyses. Une diversité de points de vue qui fait la richesse et l’intérêt du film. Cela fait-il de ces six personnalités des « racistes » comme le sous-entend Claude Demelenne ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Légitimé par les médias dans son rôle de nouvel inquisiteur, le pseudo-journaliste ose qualifier mon film de « propagande » en faveur de Dieudonné. C’est décidément l’hôpital qui se fout de la charité ! Appelant à réagir politiquement comme un « &lt;em&gt;Sarkozy de gauche&lt;/em&gt; »(1), hier hagiographe d’Elio Di Rupo et du PS(2), aujourd’hui griot du MR(3) et co-auteur d’un livre avec le sénateur Alain Destexhe (MR)(4) , invité sur les plateaux télés pour marteler ses stigmatisations islamophobes et anti-arabes, Claude Demelenne en connaît un rayon niveau propagande.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ce 27 avril, il diffusait in extenso à sa mailing-list les amalgames insultants de Viviane Teitelbaum (MR). Celle-ci faisant preuve d’une capacité surréaliste dans la confusion : « &lt;em&gt;On offre une tribune à quelqu’un qui au fond est l’équivalent de l’attaché de presse de Jean-Marie Le Pen ou de Filip Dewinter. Mukuna, c’est la voix de Dieudonné &lt;/em&gt;»(5) ... En introduction de son courriel propagandiste, Demelenne, lui, écrivait ces mots : « Depuis le début de cette affaire, le consensus de tous les démocrates pour établir un cordon sanitaire autour de Dieudonné et de ses partisans est réconfortant. Des personnalités venant d'horizons divers ont oeuvré efficacement pour empêcher la banalisation de l’idéologie de Dieudonné ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;N’ayant aucune leçon de démocratie et d’antiracisme à recevoir de la part d’un censeur et d’une députée bruxelloise qui supportent le colonialisme et la violation du droit international, je tiens à rappeler certaines choses concernant mon travail. En 2004, j’ai signé un livre d’entretiens avec l’humoriste engagé ; en 2006, un essai sur le traitement médiatique franco-belge de « l’affaire Dieudonné » et en 2009, filmé un débat contradictoire entre Dieudonné et six intellectuels et culturels belges. Des productions indépendantes dont l’angle d’attaque comme le fil rouge sont frappés du sceau de la déontologie journalistique. Raison principale pour laquelle Claude Demelenne et ses soutiens politiques n’en disent mot, tentent de me faire passer pour un « fanatique » de Dieudonné et sont parvenus, aujourd’hui, à me censurer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Au sein de la sphère politico-médiatique francophone, existe-t-il encore des personnes capables de juger sur pièce ce travail, de faire la part des choses et d’exprimer publiquement leur opinion ? Devrais-je m’excuser d’avoir fait mon métier en profondeur au sujet d’un artiste engagé qui défraye la chronique depuis sept ans ? Devrais-je me sentir coupable si la plupart de mes confrères des médias traditionnels ne veulent ou ne peuvent recenser et critiquer honnêtement ce travail ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A cet égard, je m’interroge : pour quelle raison Robert Ménard et Philippe Gavi n’essuient-ils pas le courroux haineux de Claude Demelenne ? L’ex-président de Reporters sans frontières et l’un des fondateurs du quotidien Libération ont signé un livre d’entretiens avec Dieudonné et Bruno Gaccio(6). Ouvrage sorti début mars qui bénéficie d’une certaine promotion médiatique (RMC, BFMTV, France 3, France 4, France 5). Mais pour Ménard et Gavi, Demelenne range rapidement son stylo et ne dénonce pas « &lt;em&gt;ceux qui banalisent l’antisémitisme et l’idéologie nauséabonde de Dieudonné&lt;/em&gt; ». Serait-il moins risqué d’insulter un journaliste belge d’origine congolaise que mes deux confrères français bénéficiant de réseaux médiatiques ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Régulièrement injurié et diffamé par Claude Demelenne, j’ai confié à mon avocat le dépôt d’une plainte en justice. Si je respecte et défends sa liberté d’expression, je ne peux tolérer plus longtemps ses tentatives obsessionnelles visant à salir ma réputation ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A l’esprit me revient le rapport 2009 de la Ligue des droits de l’homme qui constatait une nette régression de la liberté d’expression en Belgique. Condamnant, notamment, la volonté de la commune de Saint-Josse d’interdire le spectacle de Dieudonné, la Ligue concluait : « &lt;em&gt;Il nous revient de rester attentif à préserver l’espace nécessaire à la liberté d’expression&lt;/em&gt; ». Un espace dont les journalistes se doivent d’être les premiers défenseurs et non les collaborateurs actifs ou passifs de sa destruction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;em&gt;Le Soir&lt;/em&gt;, 29 aout 2009 ; (&lt;a href="http://archives.lesoir.be/faut-il-avoir-peur-du-voile-islamique-_t-20090829-00PNFT.html"&gt;http://archives.lesoir.be/faut-il-avoir-peur-du-voile-islamique-_t-20090829-00PNFT.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;em&gt;Le Monde&lt;/em&gt;, 15 septembre 2005 ; (&lt;a href="http://nouveaups92.canalblog.com/archives/2005/09/06/811044.html"&gt;http://nouveaups92.canalblog.com/archives/2005/09/06/811044.html&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;em&gt;La Libre&lt;/em&gt;, 28 janvier 2010 ; ( &lt;a href="http://www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/article/558688/propos-iconoclastes-sur-le-mr.html"&gt;http://www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/article/558688/propos-iconoclastes-sur-le-mr.html&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;br /&gt;4. « Lettre aux progressistes qui flirtent avec l'islam réac », Claude Demelenne et Alain Destexhe, Editions du Cerisier, 2009.&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;em&gt;La Libre&lt;/em&gt;, 27 avril 2010 (uniquement en version papier) ; (&lt;a href="http://www.vitelu.be/?p=617"&gt;http://www.vitelu.be/?p=617&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;6.« &lt;em&gt;Bruno Gaccio/Dieudonné - Peut-on tout dire?&lt;/em&gt; », entretiens réalisés par Philippe Gavi et Robert Ménard, Editions Mordicus, 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=760094906&amp;amp;ref=ts"&gt;Olivier Mukuna&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (malgré la loi sur le droit de réponse ce texte a été refusé par le tabloïd &lt;em&gt;La Libre Belgique&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object width="480" height="385"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/x-v4lU1efMM&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;rel=0&amp;amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;amp;color2=0x999999"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/x-v4lU1efMM&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;rel=0&amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;color2=0x999999" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-4590963726199711202?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/4590963726199711202/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=4590963726199711202&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4590963726199711202'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4590963726199711202'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/05/messieurs-les-censeurs-bonsoir.html' title='Messieurs les censeurs bonsoir!'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-BAJrA59DI/AAAAAAAACUQ/RhITkOnKx4s/s72-c/censure.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-7099795930307838116</id><published>2010-05-01T15:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-02-22T07:04:44.171-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Portrait'/><title type='text'>Le führer des Wallons</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nlJh8TO2Py0/T0UD736rZJI/AAAAAAAACzM/2pamk5W1fIo/s1600/Littel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nlJh8TO2Py0/T0UD736rZJI/AAAAAAAACzM/2pamk5W1fIo/s320/Littel.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Qui était Léon Degrelle? Et comment peut-on, à partir des pages qu'il a écrites, établir une théorie du fascisme? Jonathan Littell répond dans «le Sec et l'Humide». Dont voici, en exclusivité, les bonnes feuilles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C'est surtout avant guerre que Léon Degrelle se fit connaître, comme un jeune trublion vaguement fascisant, portant beau et cherchant, à la tête d'un mouvement populaire d'origine catholique, à bouleverser la classe politique belge. Sa popularité atteint son zénith en 1936, lorsqu'il parvint à envoyer vingt et un députés au Parlement de Bruxelles; mais, dès 1938, de plus en plus associé par l'opinion publique à l'hitlérisme montant, il marquait un net recul et avait perdu une bonne partie de son influence politique. Peu découragé, il milita durant la «drôle de guerre» pour des positions ultra-neutralistes perçues comme ouvertement pro-allemandes par une population extrêmement méfiante à l'égard des intentions du Reich. Le 10 mai 1940, jour du déclenchement de l'offensive allemande contre les Alliés occidentaux, Degrelle est interné avec de nombreux germanophiles et autres suspects par les autorités belges. Evacué lors de la débâcle, transféré à la Sûreté française à Dunkerque, réchappé de peu du massacre d'une vingtaine de prisonniers à Abbeville, battu et maltraité, trimbalé de prison en prison à travers la France, Degrelle sera enfin libéré après l'Armistice, au pied des Pyrénées. Le 21 août, de retour en Belgique, il rencontre le comte Capelle, secrétaire du roi Léopold III, qui lui explique les nouvelles orientations politiques du Palais: faire équipe avec les nationalistes flamands, avec les néo-socialistes du Parti ouvrier belge, avec les Allemands. «Et Hitler?», affirme avoir demandé Degrelle. «Allez-y, aurait rétorqué Capelle, nous le désirons.» Degrelle avait déjà rencontré Hitler en 1936 et était tout de suite tombé sous son charme; mais une nouvelle rencontre prévue pour octobre 1940 capote (pour cause d'invasion de la Grèce); et les services du Militärbefehlshaber in Belgien und Nordfrankreich, qui, selon les recommandations du Führer, favorisent «autant que possible» les nationalistes flamands, considérés comme «germaniques», opposent un mépris souverain à toutes ses offres de collaboration. Degrelle a beau réorganiser le rexisme sur un modèle ouvertement fasciste, avec chemises noires, marches aux flambeaux et embrigadement de la jeunesse, c'est l'«immobilisme politique», la traversée du désert; même son Heil Hitler! du 1er janvier 1941, qui causa la défection de nombreux rexistes à tendance belgiciste, n'y suffira pas: «gross angelegte Reklame» («une réclame de grand style»), déclarera le général Reeder, l'administrateur militaire de Belgique qui considérait Degrelle comme «ein Scharlatan». Or, dès l'invasion de l'Union soviétique par l'Allemagne, en juin 1941, l'ambitieux lieutenant de Degrelle, Fernand Rouleau, soutenu par des cercles royalistes francophones inquiets de la montée en puissance de la collaboration flamande, propose la création d'une légion «Wallonie» antibolchevique au sein de la Wehrmacht. Pris de vitesse, angoissé par la perspective d'une perte de prestige qui ne ferait qu'accélérer sa mise au placard définitive, Degrelle - qui s'en serait bien passé - n'a qu'une solution: s'engager. A son argument selon lequel son statut politique devrait lui valoir au moins un rang de lieutenant, les autorités militaires allemandes opposent une fin de non-recevoir: «Manque de connaissances militaires et techniques.» Il partira donc comme Schütze du 1er groupe de la 1re section de la 1re compagnie. Qu'à cela ne tienne: la légende, plus tard, n'en sera que rehaussée, et la presse rexiste de l'époque abonde en photos du «simple mitrailleur» Degrelle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Non seulement Degrelle survivra par miracle à quatre ans de combats parfois effroyables - «Chance Degrelle, chance éternelle», chantonnait-on à l'époque -, mais sa rapide montée en grade et la mort de plusieurs officiers supérieurs lui donnent enfin, en 1944, le commandement effectif de la légion, maintenant versée à la Waffen-SS en tant que SS-Sturmbrigade «Wallonien». Les combats héroïques de son unité, notamment lors de la percée de l'encerclement soviétique de Tcherkassy, en février 1944, lui ont valu décorations, promotions, rencontres avec Hitler, puis, à l'automne, sa nomination de Volksführer der Wallonen (suprême autorité civile sur les Belges francophones dans le Reich). Son pari est gagné: par le biais de la collaboration militaire, s'imposer, auprès des Allemands, comme l'incontournable interlocuteur belge dans le cadre de l'Ordre nouveau d'après guerre. Hélas pour lui, l'après-guerre ne sera pas nazie. Abandonnant ses hommes du côté de Lübeck, début mai 1945, Degrelle fuit en Norvège; de là, un avion long-courrier le transportera en Espagne, où, malgré une condamnation à mort par contumace en Belgique, il finira paisiblement ses jours, entouré d'une cour de fidèles, impénitent, plus emmuré dans ses mensonges et ses postures stériles que jamais. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Le Moi-carapace du fasciste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ce n'est pas en fait de la politique de Degrelle qu'il sera question ici, mais de son langage. «(...) disons avec des mots vrais ce que fut leur épopée, comment ils ont combattu, comment leurs corps ont souffert, comment leurs cœurs se sont donnés», écrit-il. Bien; regardons ce que nous disent au juste ces mots vrais. Dans le texte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;«Le fascisme est un mode de production de réalité (...) pas une question de forme de gouvernement ou de forme d'économie, ou d'un système quel qu'il soit», écrit Klaus Theweleit dans son grand livre de 1977,«Männerphantasien». Theweleit, le premier peut-être, a voulu prendre les fascistes au mot. Travaillant sur un corpus d'environ deux cents romans, mémoires et journaux rédigés par des vétérans des Freikorps allemands de 1918-1923, il a tenté d'analyser la structure mentale de la personnalité fasciste. Impossible de résumer ici ce livre brillant, polymorphe, insaisissable; tout au plus pourrons-nous tenter d'en esquisser les conclusions générales. Le «fasciste» ou «mâle-soldat» (soldatischer Mann), pour Theweleit, ne peut pas être compris en termes de psychanalyse freudienne, il doit être approché par le biais de la psychanalyse de l'enfance (Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler) et de la psychose (Michael Balint et d'autres), ainsi que de concepts hérités de Deleuze et Guattari. Le modèle freudien du Ça, du Moi et du Surmoi, et donc de l'Œdipe, ne peut pas lui être appliqué, car le fasciste, en fait, n'a jamais achevé sa séparation d'avec la mère, et ne s'est jamais constitué un Moi au sens freudien du terme. Le fasciste est le «pas-encore-complétement-né». Or ce n'est pas un psychopathe; il a effectué une séparation partielle, il est socialisé, il parle, il écrit, il agit dans le monde, de manière hélas souvent efficace, il prend même parfois le pouvoir. Pour y parvenir, il s'est construit ou fait construire - par le truchement de la discipline, du dressage, d'exercices physiques - un Moi extériorisé qui prend la forme d'une «carapace», d'une «armure musculaire». Celle-ci maintient à l'intérieur, là où le fasciste n'a pas accès, toutes ses pulsions, ses fonctions désirantes absolument informes car incapables d'objectivation. Mais ce Moi-carapace n'est jamais tout à fait hermétique, il est même fragile; il ne tient réellement que grâce à des soutiens extérieurs: l'école, l'armée, voire la prison. En période de crise, il se morcelle, et le fasciste risque alors d'être débordé par ses productions désirantes incontrôlables, la «dissolution des limites personnelles». Pour survivre, il extériorise ce qui le menace de l'intérieur, et tous les dangers prennent alors pour lui deux formes, intimement liées entre elles: celle du féminin et celle du liquide, de «tout ce qui coule». Comme le fasciste ne peut pas entièrement anéantir la femme (il en a besoin pour se reproduire), il la scinde en deux figures: l'Infirmière (ou la Châtelaine) blanche, vierge bien sûr, qui généralement meurt ou en tout cas se pétrifie, à moins que le fasciste ne l'épouse, auquel cas elle disparaît purement et simplement du texte; et l'Infirmière (ou la Prostituée) rouge, que le fasciste, afin de maintenir son Moi, tue, de préférence en l'écrasant à coups de crosse et la transformant en bouillie sanglante. Quant à la menace du liquide, le fasciste peut soit la projeter sur le bolchevisme, auquel cas elle revient sous la forme de la Marée rouge, contre laquelle il érige la digue de ses armes et de son corps (dur), soit la dompter, en faisant par exemple couler la foule dans le canal rigide de la parade national-socialiste. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Après Moi, le déluge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Car, si la campagne de Russie est perdue, reste «la Campagne de Russie». De toute évidence, les souffrances, les horreurs des combats, le choc de la défaite ont sérieusement ébranlé cette armure qui est la seule chose qui maintienne l'intégrité d'un Degrelle. Il est urgent de la rafistoler; et pour ce faire il n'y a plus qu'un moyen. La mention finale «Hôpital militaire Mola, San Sebastián (Espagne), août-décembre 1945» trahit la hâte; dès que son bras droit est sorti du plâtre, il se met au travail. Bien plus qu'un testament politique, une entreprise d'autojustification, ou un brûlot destiné à remettre sa carrière d'après guerre sur les rails, «la Campagne de Russie» est avant tout une vaste opération de sauvetage du Moi degrellien, naufragé ballotté par les flots. Et cette opération, contrairement à la guerre elle-même car menée à une échelle bien plus modeste, sera un succès. Plus efficace que les puisettes du Caucase, l'écriture permettra à Degrelle d'écluser les flots qui submergent son psychisme, et, à l'aide des stratégies rhétoriques que j'ai tenté d'esquisser, de les canaliser, de les évacuer, et de tirer la chasse. Le livre servira ainsi d'éponge; Degrelle s'en sortira sec, son Moi-carapace, un uniforme amidonné de colonel SS, plus rigide que jamais, prêt pour la suite des événements. Après Moi, le déluge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;© Gallimard, 2008&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-7099795930307838116?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/7099795930307838116/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=7099795930307838116&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/7099795930307838116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/7099795930307838116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/05/le-fuhrer-des-wallons.html' title='Le führer des Wallons'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nlJh8TO2Py0/T0UD736rZJI/AAAAAAAACzM/2pamk5W1fIo/s72-c/Littel.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-3328098301874118763</id><published>2010-04-17T11:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-18T04:25:45.320-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Interview'/><title type='text'>Frédéric Gersdorff :« D’autres questions nous ont semblé plus pertinentes »</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S8oTNqcpSWI/AAAAAAAACSw/Fkr-R07ma5g/s1600/Fredo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 274px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5461198623593810274" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S8oTNqcpSWI/AAAAAAAACSw/Fkr-R07ma5g/s320/Fredo.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Afromedia.be : Pourquoi avoir mis en doute le témoignage d’Aimé Bolua ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frédéric Gersdorff :&lt;/strong&gt; Je ne l’ai pas du tout mis en doute. J’ai mis ses propos au conditionnel parce que je n’avais aucune confirmation venant de sources officielles de ce qu’il disait. C’était juste ses propos. Aucun enquêteur, aucun porte-parole de la police ne m’a confirmé à ce moment-là ses dires. Ce n’était pas une mise en doute mais une précaution de ma part. Par ailleurs, ce n’est pas moi qui aie réalisé l’interview de ce monsieur mais des collègues de Télé-Matonge. Je n’ai donc pas pu avoir de contact direct avec lui et il s’agissait de prendre certaines assurances par rapport à son témoignage, en l’absence de confirmations ou d’infirmations tant de la justice que de la police.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Vous n’avez pas non plus interviewé Ramsès Ramazani …&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; Non, car sur place, ce monsieur ne s’est pas présenté à moi ou, moi, je n’ai pas pu le rencontrer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Vous n’avez pas non plus jugé crédible le fait que des collègues de Télé-Matonge vous fournissent l’interview d’Aimé Bolua en tant qu’élément d’information marquant ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; J’aurais fait l’interview moi-même que je l’aurais également présenté au conditionnel puisque je n’avais, à ce moment-là, aucune source de police me confirmant ces éléments-là. N’importe qui aurait pu me dire cela, pour moi, c’était une précaution journalistique importante : quand une personne vous dit quelque chose, on le dit, on le met en avant, mais au conditionnel tant qu’il n’y a pas de sources officielles qui confirment ses propos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Les jours qui ont suivi, plusieurs médias, dont RTL-TVI, ont interviewé Ramsès Ramazani et confirmé son intervention. Pas la RTBF. N’était-il pas opportun de revenir sur cet aspect peu banal du fait divers ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; Oui, cela pouvait être une possibilité de reportage et, comme on a pu le voir, cela s’est fait dans les jours qui ont suivi. C’est une idée qui se défend et c’est vrai que nous ne l’avons pas fait. Mais cette affaire a soulevé de nombreuses questions qui nous ont semblé plus pertinentes à développer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Certes, mais plusieurs médias ont aussi traité des aspects prioritaires de l’affaire (le braquage, les auteurs venus d’Estonie, les questions de violence) tout en médiatisant l’acte héroïque des deux belgo-congolais…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; Oui, mais, heu … Ce n’est pas un choix qui a été fait contre … On aurait pu le faire, on a décidé de ne pas le faire et puis voilà ! Ce n’était pas une volonté de ne pas le faire, mais plutôt une volonté de faire autre chose.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Ce choix de la RTBF a été très mal perçu par plusieurs habitants de Matonge. La télé de Service public serait-elle plus intéressée par relayer les aspects négatifs frappant ce quartier africain plutôt qu’un aspect positif tel que deux de ses habitants qui - au péril de leurs vies - ont permis l’arrestation d’un malfrat ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; Franchement, je pense que c’est un procès d’intention qui n’a aucune raison d’être. Il n’y a aucun choix qui a été posé avec cette réflexion visant à accuser précisément le quartier de Matonge. D’ailleurs, si vous regardez la conclusion de mon reportage : alors qu’on a aucune certitude sur l’identité des braqueurs, je dis que la seule chose dont on est sûr, c’est que ce n’était pas des habitants de Matonge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Ramsès Ramazani a été invité ce dimanche sur le plateau de &lt;em&gt;Controverse &lt;/em&gt;(RTL-TVI) pour livrer son témoignage dans le cadre d’un débat sur les violences urbaines. Qu’en pensez-vous ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; (soupir). Je n’en pense rien et n’ai aucun commentaire à faire là-dessus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Etant donné les questions autour de la recrudescence de ce type de violences, le débat dominical de la RTBF devrait aussi y être consacré, non ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F.G :&lt;/strong&gt; Je vous avoue que je ne m’occupe absolument pas de ça. Pour cela, il faut vous adresser à mes collègues de &lt;em&gt;Mise au point&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Propos recueillis par &lt;strong&gt;Olivier Mukuna&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-3328098301874118763?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/3328098301874118763/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=3328098301874118763&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3328098301874118763'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3328098301874118763'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/04/frederic-gersdorff-dautres-questions.html' title='Frédéric Gersdorff :« D’autres questions nous ont semblé plus pertinentes »'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S8oTNqcpSWI/AAAAAAAACSw/Fkr-R07ma5g/s72-c/Fredo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-4200106324775789496</id><published>2010-04-17T11:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-17T12:56:22.498-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Interview'/><title type='text'>Ramsès Ramazani : « La RTBF est devenue une référence de salons »</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 221px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 166px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5461197642585479570" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S8oSUj6CGZI/AAAAAAAACSo/275hkyEU55w/s320/Monsieur+matongue" /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Afromedia.be : Avec le recul, comment expliquez-vous votre décision de poursuivre, sans arme, des gangsters armés ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ramsès Ramazani&lt;/strong&gt; : Je ne me l’explique toujours pas. J’ai démarré au quart de tour. Pourtant, je suis marié et père de 4 enfants mais je n’ai pas pensé un instant à cet aspect primordial. D’ailleurs, après les faits, mon épouse et certains de mes proches m’ont engueulé pour avoir pris un tel risque. En réalité dès que j’ai entendu les coups de feu, il n’y a pas eu de réflexion : je me suis mis à leur poursuite. Animé par une irrépressible volonté de justice. Cette agression venait de se passer dans ma collectivité, sous mes yeux, j’étais directement concerné ! Je tiens d’ailleurs à souligner l’élément suivant : La personne qui est décédée et celle qui se trouve aux soins intensifs appartiennent à la communauté juive. Ce sont des juifs géorgiens. Pourquoi dire cela ? Pour montrer qu’au-delà des différences de couleurs de peau ou de confessions religieuses, ici à Matonge, nous sommes et travaillons en symbiose. Ces personnes qui ont été attaquées et sont en deuil ne sont pas des étrangers : ils sont miens. Pour moi, pour Aimé et beaucoup d’autres, il s’agit de la famille élargie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Les malfrats avaient-ils une mallette en leur possession ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Non, je suis formel. Les faits ont eu lieu à une quarantaine de mètres de ma personne. J’entends des coups de feu, me retourne vers l’endroit des détonations et je vois deux personnes de type européen surgir de la bijouterie et traverser la rue en courant. Je réalise qu’il s’agit de malfaiteurs et les poursuit immédiatement. Aimé Bolua fait de même et m’emboîte le pas. Lorsque les voleurs s’engouffrent dans la galerie de la Porte de Namur, je ne les vois pas se débarrasser de quoi que ce soit. Par contre, je m’aperçois qu’ils sont armés, je vois leurs mains, leurs pistolets, mais aucune mallette. Tout cela n’a pas duré une minute. Ils tournent dans la rotonde de la galerie pour ressortir au niveau du Quick et du métro. Ils redescendent ensuite à droite pour se retrouver sur le Champs de mars. A ce niveau-là, un des malfaiteurs prend un vélo. J’ignore s’il lui appartenait ou s’il l’a volé. Il nous a tenu en respect avec son arme et a pris la fuite. Nous avons continué à poursuivre celui qui était à pieds. Plus d’une fois, il nous a aussi menacés avec son pistolet. J’ignore encore pourquoi je n’ai ressenti aucune peur. Mon avantage, c’est que j’ai croisé son regard plusieurs fois lorsqu’il se retournait : cet homme était véritablement pris de panique ! J’avais l’ascendant. Dans sa course, je vois qu’il manipule une sorte de sac en tissu. Nous avons encore longé la statue équestre de Léopold II, puis le fuyard s’est réfugié dans un parc derrière des bâtiments. Lorsque j’y arrive, je vois qu’il cherche à se cacher dans les fourrés. Il n’avait plus son arme ni son sac de tissu. J’ai foncé sur lui et l’ai maîtrisé.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Vous étiez seul ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; A ce moment-là, oui. Je suis un peu plus sportif et courrais en tête. Aimé est arrivé quelques minutes plus tard et m’a aidé à le maintenir. Nous l’avons présenté aux gardes en faction du Palais Royal. Ceux-ci avaient vu la scène et sorti leurs armes, ne comprenant pas ce qui se passait. J’ai expliqué que l’homme que nous détenions venait de commettre un hold-up et que nous le poursuivions depuis la porte de Namur. Les gardes ont emmené le malfrat. Je suis retourné vers la chaussée de Wavre. A mon arrivée, je trouve les policiers sur les lieux et une victime étendue sur le trottoir. A ce moment-là, j’ignore qu’il y a décès et des blessés. J’informe directement un policier que nous avons appréhendé un des gangsters et que nous l’avons remis aux gardes du Palais Royal. Un autre officier me prend dans son véhicule et, toutes sirènes hurlantes, nous retournons au Palais Royal. Après une discussion entre les gardes et le policier et sur mes indications, l’officier appelle du renfort pour effectuer une battue. Ils ont retrouvé l’arme et le sac en tissu du gangster. Jusqu’à présent, j’en ignore le contenu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : A votre retour sur les lieux, vous avez été auditionné par la police. Combien de temps ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Plus d’une heure. Avec une quinzaine d’autres personnes, j’ai été entendu dans le restaurant Cosi Cosi qui était devenu une sorte de commissariat. Il y avait des policiers assis un peu partout en train d’interroger des gens. Pour ma part, j’ai été auditionné avec Aimé et un jeune camerounais qui nous avait suivis durant la poursuite, armé d’un bâton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Le soir du drame, avez-vous regardé les reportages diffusés par les JT de RTL-TVI et de la RTBF ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Oui. J’estime que RTL est resté assez en phase avec ce que j’avais vu. Par contre, le compte-rendu de la RTBF contenait beaucoup d’inexactitudes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Avez-vous noté que le journaliste de la RTBF a mis en doute le témoignage d’Aimé Bolua ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Oui et j’ignore pour quelle raison il l’a fait. A mon second retour sur les lieux, je n’ai vu aucun journaliste de la RTBF sur place. Leur arrivée tardive a certainement dû jouer dans cette sorte de sous-traitance aléatoire qu’ils ont diffusée au JT. En tout cas, je vous confirme que, ce jour-là, j’ai été interviewé par plusieurs journalistes de presse écrite et celui de RTL m’a questionné plus d’une fois. Mais je n’ai jamais vu ou été contacté par celui de la RTBF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Comment l’expliquez-vous ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R : &lt;/strong&gt;Je n’en sais rien. En dehors de l’audition où j’étais inaccessible, je suis resté longtemps sur place, avec une amie commerçante et avec les fils du bijoutier qui m’ont vivement remercié. Si les policiers m’ont interrogé, si plusieurs témoins m’ont vu poursuivre les malfrats, je pense que ce journaliste de la RTBF aurait pu s’interroger et me retrouver pour recouper le témoignage d’Aimé et recueillir le mien…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Que pensez-vous de ce contraste de traitement entre télé de service public et télé privée ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Vous savez, j’habite à Matonge depuis dix ans. A chaque évènement grave, les journalistes débarquent en alerte. Régulièrement, ce sont ceux de RTL-TVI qui arrivent les premiers. La RTBF couvre évidemment les faits, mais ce sont des gens qu’on ne voit pas très rapidement sur le terrain ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Vous avez le sentiment que le journaliste de la RTBF s’est strictement contenté de la parole officielle ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; C’est manifestement une personne qui pratique le journalisme en allant voir les officiels plutôt que les personnes de terrain. A ses yeux, ces dernières sont sans doute peu crédibles. Or, le porte-parole de la police a reconnu qu’au moment où nous avions réalisé l’essentiel de notre action la police n’était pas encore là. Je pense donc que ce journaliste aurait pu faire son travail et chercher plus loin. D’autant que je suis connu dans le quartier, comme l’agence de voyage pour laquelle je travaille et je fais aussi partie du Comité des commerçants de Matonge. Depuis lundi, beaucoup de journalistes m’ont contacté. Je suis également invité à débattre ce dimanche dans l’émission Controverse (RTL-TVI). L’ensemble de ces journalistes se sont simplement posé des questions et, eux, sont parvenus à me trouver …&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Quatre jours après le drame, la RTBF n’a jamais mentionné votre action héroïque ni rectifier sa mise en doute de départ. Qu’en pensez-vous ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Je ne sais pas comment ils travaillent. S’ils disposent de quelques « entrées », comme certains journalistes le prétendent parfois, je peux vous dire que mon numéro de téléphone figure sur le P-V d’audition de police ... D’autre part, pendant ces 4 jours, je n’ai reçu aucun appel de la RTBF. Ni de la radio, ni de la télé. Dans le même temps, j’ai été contacté par VTM, VRT, RTL-TVI, Radio Contact, La Capitale, Métro et d’autres journaux. Or, si je ne m’abuse, cela fait aussi partie du métier des journalistes que de s’informer sur ce que font les autres médias concurrents ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.be : Ce désintérêt assumé de la RTBF vous semble entrer en contradiction avec une éthique de service public ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R.R :&lt;/strong&gt; Absolument. Dans le domaine de l’éthique, la télévision de service public se doit d’être encore plus présente que la chaîne privée. Notamment parce que la RTBF est souvent perçue comme une référence. Mais aujourd’hui, il s’agit davantage d’une « référence de salons » qui hésite à descendre sur le terrain. Le cas d’espèce sur lequel vous m’interrogez l’indique de manière claire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Propos recueillis par &lt;strong&gt;Olivier Mukuna&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-4200106324775789496?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/4200106324775789496/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=4200106324775789496&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4200106324775789496'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4200106324775789496'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/04/ramses-ramazani-la-rtbf-est-devenue-une.html' title='Ramsès Ramazani : « La RTBF est devenue une référence de salons »'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S8oSUj6CGZI/AAAAAAAACSo/275hkyEU55w/s72-c/Monsieur+matongue' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-4747439294758449775</id><published>2010-04-05T14:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-06T15:06:54.915-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bonnes feuilles'/><title type='text'>Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law &amp;Politics (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-M7MaM8elI/AAAAAAAACU4/bJw9u5n9tLU/s1600/Casting+Out"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 160px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5468279456936000082" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-M7MaM8elI/AAAAAAAACU4/bJw9u5n9tLU/s320/Casting+Out" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law &amp;amp; Politics&lt;br /&gt;By Sherene H.Razack , University of Toronto Press&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.utppublishing.com/"&gt;http://www.utppublishing.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.utppublishing.com/product.php?productid=2337&amp;amp;cat=0&amp;amp;page=1"&gt;http://www.utppublishing.com/product.php?productid=2337&amp;amp;cat=0&amp;amp;page=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I divide the book into two parts. Part one, composed of chapters 1 and 2, focuses on the figure of the 'dangerous' Muslim man and examines the camp as a place in which are incarcerated 'terror suspects' and those marked as outside political community. Part two, composed of chapters 3 to 5, focuses on imperilled Muslim women, exploring in detail feminism's connection to race thinking and the legal projects that regulate Muslim communities in the post-9/11 era. Given the two arguments I advance, that race thinking undergids the making of empire, and that the world is increasingly governed by the logic of the exception, each chapter is an example of a camp – that is, a place where law is suspended (the force of law without law) and Muslims are evicted from the national community. The camps I discuss range from literal prison camps, where terror suspects do not have the right to habeas corpus, to Muslim immigrant communities, for whom the rights and privileges of citizenship, such as the right to marry once the age of consent has been reached to the right to practice their faith as do others, do not apply. Ultimately, all Muslims become marked as outside political community when they are assumed to carry within them the possibility of threat to the nation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In chapter 1&lt;/em&gt;, on the incarceration of Muslim men in Canada and the restriction of their rights to due process, I show the micro-processes through which the camp is legally authorized. In examining closely how suspensions in rights are justified in security certificate hearings, I show that the 'dangerous' Muslim man who threatens the West is depicted as a 'monster terrorist' who is an Islamic extremist. The danger is made believable largely through appeal to racist narratives about intrinsically savage, pre-modern Muslims. Under this logic, it is possible to defend the idea that Muslim men must be detained indefinitely and denied due process on the grounds that they may carry within them the seeds of terrorism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In chapter 2&lt;/em&gt;, I turn my attention to the sexualized torture enacted on Arab men at Abu Ghraib. Here I argue that sexualized torture, or what has euphemistically come to be called 'prisoner abuse', is more appropriately named racial terror. Terror is how colonizers come to know their own power as well as how they come to make it known. In showing that what when on at Abu Ghraib convinced the American men and women who engaged in torture that they were themselves members of a racially superior race and nation, I emphasize, drawing on Michael Taussig, that terror is a mythology, a narrative meant to teach us who must be kept in line through force and who are the enforcers. Acts of terror make the nation and the empire, and as such they will continue to happen. The practices of torture at Abu Ghraib were sexualized and recorded in photos and videotapes. These two aspects suggest the psychic underpinnings of empire, whereby the boundary between self and Other must be policed through violence, lest it collapse. At Abu Ghraib, the acts of violence afforded American soldiers an intimacy that would otherwise be forbidden as well as a chance to establish forever who is in control. In attending to the ambivalence at the heart of the fantasy of Orientalism, the multiple ways in which individuals participate in empire through desire and fear, I suggest that if we pay attention to how empire is embodied, to the deep, psychically structured ways in which race, class, gender, and sexuality shape the encounter between the West and its Others, we can begin to understand how casting out takes place and how it must be resisted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In chapter 3&lt;/em&gt;, I turn to gender as a technology of the 'war on terror' exploring how the violence that is unleashed on Muslim communities is transformed into a civilizing narrative about saving Muslim women. I begin with popular culture, exploring three books – by an American, European, and Canadian author respectively. What marks these popular books as emblematic of the post-9/11 era is their authors' positioning as feminist and their common insistence that the violence Muslim women endure at the hands of Muslim men is not only an indicator of barbarism but, more importantly, a reason to invade, occupy, and civilize Muslim communities. In tracing the role that gender plays in the ideological justifications underpinning the American bid for empire, I show how white nations are invited into the project of empire as members of a superior race, a race distinguished by a commitment to gender equality, democracy, and human rights. Here Muslims are imagined as camp inmates by virtue of being insufficiently modern, a condition that is assumed to be innate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The policing of Muslim communities in the name of gender equality is now a globally organized phenomenon, an argument I make &lt;em&gt;in chapter 4&lt;/em&gt; through an examination of Norwegian laws on forced marriages. Several European states have sought to regulate the conduct of Muslim populations in Europe in the name of protecting Muslim women from their violent communities. Typically, these initiatives are understood as necessary in order to forcibly 'deculturalize' feudal and hyper-patriarchal migrants in Europe who are Muslim. In exploring the tension between meaningful anti-violence initiatives and those that simply reinstall Europeans as normative citizens and Muslims as outside the nation (literally and figuratively), I show how an unequal structure of citizenship is achieved in Europe through the deployment of the idea of the imperilled Muslim woman. Through such moves as regulating the age of consent and family reunification, European states create a category of citizen whose private life choices are controlled. For Muslims, public space is literally shrinking as they encounter constraints on their social and cultural practices that do not apply to other citizens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In chapter 5&lt;/em&gt;, I explore how gender as a technology of empire operates in Canada, a white settler context that is without colonial history in the Muslim world, and thus without the large Muslim migrant populations such histories usually produce. As in Europe, laws that stigmatize Muslim populations and regulate their conduct usually begin in a media spectacle. In Canada, the idea advanced by a small group of Muslim men that faith-based arbitration could be utilized to implement Sharia law in Canada quickly became the basis for a moral panic that feudal Muslims who are likely to be terrorists had now successfully contaminated Canadian civilization. Attending to the risks posed to women if conservative Muslims were to have their way, I thread my way through feminist opposition to faith-based arbitration and conclude that Muslim women were stranded between the rock of a rising conservatism in their communities and the hard place of an even more vigorous policing by the state. The latter, I conclude, poses the greater threat at this moment. In this chapter I focus on one salient aspect of the clash-of-civilizations thesis, the notion that the West is secular and thus modern, while the non-West is religious and pre-modern. I show how the idea of secularism operates as a governmentality, Foucault's concept referring to the ways in which individual subjects are governed through various institutions and processes that organize modern life. Muslims are produced in this framework as underserving of full citizenship, including the right to practice their faith as they see fit, a restriction that both marks them as not yet ready for citizenship even as it insists that the public sphere is a universal one where citizens have equal rights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In bringing together case studies that explore the eviction of Muslims from political community, I hope to stress the various paths through which we are drawn into the project of empire. Feminist activists, no less than soldiers at Abu Ghraib, are invited to defend country and civilization and to join in the creation of a world that requires camps. What these chapters show is that no one stands outside of empire. As in my other books, I have sought to give some content to the notion of complicity, exploring the multiple ways in which we come to know ourselves as modern, democratic, and feminist and the actual practices of violence underwritten by this knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This books is written with the conviction that we can reorient ourselves in this age of the 'war on terror', unlearning ourselves as modern and coming instead to understand ourselves as responsible. Suspending the rule of law and engaging in violence with impunity are practices undertaken in the name of civility. Violence as civility suggests a critical pedagogy and radical politics. If we are to stop the violence unleashed by camp thinking , we will need to confront ideas of a clash of civilizations, torture for the sake of keeping the natives in line, occupation as a means of improvement of savage peoples and savage lands, secularism as simply about freedom from tradition and the triumph of free will, and the primacy of the market, contract, and choice. We will also have to confront the unconscious processes that structure how individuals come to participate in empire. This book approaches this task by arguing that race thinking structures the conceptual arsenal of the 'war on terror' and its reliance on the logic of the concentration camp. What I have tried to do is document what at times has been an intensely personal, that is to say, bodily awareness of the world as camp. “&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PART ONE 'Dangerous' Muslim Men&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 'Your client has a profile' Race in the Security Hearing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whoever entered the camp moved in a zone of indistinction between outside and inside, exception and rule, licit and illicit, in which the very concepts of subjective right and judicial protections no longer made any sense.&lt;br /&gt;Giorgio Agamben (Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford University Press)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;34 (1) A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on security grounds for (f) being a member of an organization that there are reasonable grounds to believe engages, has engaged , or will engage in acts referred to in paragraphs (a) [espionage or subversion], (b) [subversion by force] or (c) [terrorism]. (Emphasis added)&lt;br /&gt;Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At a hearing on 27 november 2003 to determine the validity of the security certificate that declared Hassan Almrei inadmissible to Canada on the grounds that he will engage in acts of terrorism, an agent from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) confidently clarified for Almrei's counsel the heart of the Services's case against his client:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What I am saying today is that your client has a profile which makes him of use to Al Qaeda and his connections to the organization through various individuals is what leads us to conclude that he is a threat to the security of Canada. I am afraid that I can't get into any more detail than that.&lt;br /&gt;We are not hanging our case on this notion that he was among the cream-of-the-crop in the early 1980s. I never said that. (Emphasis added)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The five detainees are more than simply victims of racial profiling. Their Arab origins, and the life history that mostly Arab Muslim men have had, operate to mark them as individuals likely to commit terrorist acts, people whose propensity for violence is indicated by their origins. When race thinking, the belief in the division of humanity into those prone to violence and those who are not according to descent, is accompanied by the idea that there must be two different, hierarchical legal regimes for each, and when we begin to grow accustomed to places without law and to people to whom the rule of law does not apply, we enter the terrifying world of the colonies and the concentration camp. This chapter examines how a space where law is suspended operates in the 'war on terror' and it attends to the work that ideas about race do in the environment of the exception.&lt;br /&gt;Whether with respect to non-citizens or citizens, at the heart of the state of exception, the place Agamben described as 'the force of law without law', is the idea that only an unfettered state power can properly confront threats to the nation. Race thinking helps us to believe in the necessity of an all-powerful sovereign. If the threat can be contained in no other way than through this extraordinary power to suspend fundamental rights, it is surely because 'they (those who threaten us)' are not like 'us' and can only be stopped with brute force. As Angelina Snodgrass Godoy perceptively notes, two assumptions remain unchallenged in the culture of exception: we can tell them from us, and the suspensions of the rule of law will not affect those of us who are deemed to be within political community. In this way, the exception instils the idea that the nation is a kin group that must be fortified against outsiders whose disloyalty we will recognize, a disloyalty that is visible not in what people do but in who they are. As I show below, who people are is formulated in terms of an unchanging essence derived from their histories, associations, and religious practices, a constellation of invariant characteristics inherited from a culture, religion, and region. A race fiction thus grounds the nation and inheres in the power of the state to decide who is part of the kin group and who is not.&lt;br /&gt;How does one end up in the place of exception, 'where judicial protections no longer make sense,' a world of secret evidence in which there is no right to habeas corpus? Hassan Almrei and the other security-certificate detainees discussed in this chapter are detained on the basis that they are 'Islamic terrorists,' men who come from a culture in which religion, and not rationality, produces individuals with an inherent capacity for violence. A 'Jihadist', as the 'Islamic terrorist' is called, is forever unable to escape the marking of his religion, culture and history. If Jihadists exist in a space where judicial protections no longer make any sense, their eviction from the law is argued on the basis that the West must necessarily be vigilant when such monsters are let loose on the world. The terrorist as monster draws on a number of Orientalist images, as others have shown16. Significantly, monster terrorists lie forever beyond the law, and through them we become accustomed to the idea that there should be places where human beings have no rights. In security-certificate hearings there is a casual, unreflected-upon lawlessness, an abandonment of the rule of law that only race thinking can make defensible. What else can explain the unquestioned absence of evidence, the incoherence of the arguments, and the retreat to the simple logic that 'they' are not like 'us' and cannot be given the benefit of the rule of law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pre-emptive Punishment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The domestic philosophy of pre-emptive punishment argues that if there is a possibility that a&lt;br /&gt;crime might be committed, it ought to be preempted by government action.&lt;br /&gt;Nicholas Mirzoeff, Watching Babylon: the War in Iraq and Global Visual Culture (New York, London: Routledge, 2005), 119.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shortly after 9/11, men and some children rounded up from the villages and battlefields of Afghanistan were herded into shipping containers by the Northern Alliance (at the behest of the United States). Many died; it is estimated that only thirty to fifty in each container of three to four hundred apparently survived.18 Those who survived typically were taken to prisons at Bagram and Kandahar, Afghanistan, and were shipped to third countries (the process known as extraordinary rendition) or to the US base at Guantanamo, Cuba, where they were detained on the basis that the president, as the commander-in-chief, possessed the unilateral authority to arrest and detain anyone. Detainees were declared 'enemy combatants,' a designation that left them in a no man's land of rights, neither prisoners of war nor criminals. 19 In the United States, Canada, and Europe, security programs concentrated on immigrants, utilizing those places of exception long existing in immigration law, as well as new powers to arrest, detain, and deport without due process. Mainly Arab/Muslim men were swept up in these terror arrests and deported or detained indefinitely.20 The practices that facilitate the rounding up of Muslims and Arabs and result in their exile to places without law include strengthened surveillance powers and powers to detain, prosecute, and convict without any procedural protections or oversights by the courts.&lt;br /&gt;In the Canadian context, fewer due-process rights remain in the Immigration Act than before 9/11, although it is important to note that here, as in the United States, many changes pre-date 9/11 and simply received more widespread support in the ensuing events. The federal government's allocation of individuals for immigration detention has increased. 21 An important change introduced into the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act mandates security checks before asylum processes even begin, a front-end screening that has deeply concerned refugee advocates. 22 Those marked as security risks now become ineligible for a refugee hearing and are immediately deported. Small openings that once existed – for example, the seeking of ministerial relief after showing a record of stable residency in Canada – have mostly closed. Bureaucrats now understand the relief provisions as relevant only in exceptional cases, and there is little expectation that anyone marked as a security risk will be able to clear himself through demonstrating 'good behaviour' 23 It is now the minister of public safety and emergency preparedness who grants ministerial relief, a decision so enmeshed in post-9/11 security considerations that it is an option that appears to be rarely granted. 24&lt;br /&gt;Those who are found inadmissible for reasons of national security have now lost all appeal rights. The Immigration and Refugee Act passed in 2002 greatly expanded the powers of immigration officers. It is no longer possible to complain about the practices of CSIS. Those subject to security certificates need not pose any actual security risk, but merely have to be shown to have possibly been a member of a terrorist organization, and to have the potential to engage in terrorist acts. It is the notion of prevention, the detaining and deporting of individuals before they have committed a crime, that best sums up the post-9/11 changes and the increasing logic that law must be suspended in the interests of national security.&lt;br /&gt;The justifications offered for the considerable expansion of state powers ant the suspension of fundamental rights rest on the notion that it is necessary to strike at the enemy before he strikes at us. Mirzoeff notes that the wall built by Israel in the Occupied Territories, the physical barriers built by the United States at its Mexico border, and the detention camps established through the Western world that keep asylum seekers incarcerated indefinitely are all pre-9/11 examples of pre-emptive punishment, an abandonment of law, and the creation of categories of people without rights, all justified on the basis that they may pose a threat to the nation. While globalized pre-emptive punishment means invading and occupying countries on the basis that they will pose a threat, as happened in Iraq, domestically, it entails an aggressive use of immigration law. Importantly, the goal of detention is 'to keep its inmates invisible with the goal of having them forgotten.'25 'Their location is meant to emphasize that they are not part of the nation state and that their inmates will not achieve asylum, let alone citizenship.'26 The logic of detention, Mirzoeff comments, is that “there is no such thing as society but only people who belong to the nation and those who do not.'27 For Zygmunt Bauman, the refugee is placed in the category of the unthinkable and the camps to which they are confined are 'artifices made permanent through blocking the exits.'&lt;br /&gt;We refuse to imagine the camp's inmates as members of political community. 28 The very physical location and anonymity of the camp – in the case of Canada's security detainees, a special wing of a maximum security prison – is meant to convey this eviction from humanity.&lt;br /&gt;Race is crucial to pre-emptive punishment. Mirzoeff notes that pre-emptive punishment has depended heavily on the racial notion that 'they' are not like 'us' and owing to their natures/cultures are likely to erupt into violence against us. 29 The logic is once again a colonial one, whereby states of exception are justified because the colonized cannot be governed through the rule of law as can Europeans. Prevention based on the irrationality and unpredictability of their natures and cultures justifies the camp as well as the practices associated with it. For example, as Nancy Baker and others show, the United States government has defended its practices of limiting press and public access to information, refusing to disclose the names and locations of, and charges against, those detained, conducting immigration hearings in secret, and denying bail even to minor violators on the grounds that anything and anyone can potentially be of use to terrorists.30 Following what the CIA has described as the mosaic theory, the government has argued that small pieces of information might later fit into the larger terrorist picture. The mosaic theory hinges, however, a great deal on ideas about the natures of those who threaten us.&lt;br /&gt;Risk is read on the body. If it is true that the profile is one way to sort out who goes to the camp and who does not, then those marked as bearing an inherent capacity for disloyalty are not simply being profiled, but are in fact exiled from political community. This process, whereby to be profiled is to be denied due-process rights and to be detained indefinitely, shifts radically what racial profiling now means. The very concept of racial profiling seems inadequate to describe what actually happens to those whose race, read as origins, life histories, and religious practices, marks them as potential terrorists. As Reem Badhi has shown for Canada, public debate over racial profiling has shifted from being about whether racial profiling has happened at all to being about its necessity in this time of emergency. 31&lt;br /&gt;Although some argued that detaining Muslim or Arab men was not race discrimination most commentators have acknowledges that post-9/11 profiling used 'race as a proxy for risk, either in whole or in part'32 and accepted that brown skin, 'Middle Eastern looks,' beards, and Muslim or Arab names provided good reasons to detain. In the United States, much of this thinking was overt and legally authorized, while in Canada such practices have been for the most part informal. For example, shortly after 9/11, the U.S. Department of Justice sought to interview male non-citizens between the ages of eighteen and thirty-three from Middle Eastern or 'Islamic' countries or countries with some suspected tie to Al Qaeda. 33 In a less direct fashion, the Canadian government has not officially endorsed racial profiling of Arabs and Muslims, but its practices, particularly in much publicized 'terror sweeps,' suggest that profiling takes places regularly on much the same basis. 34 The argument for racial profiling is risk management and gains are considered to outweigh losses (for instance, the humiliation and stigmatization or Arab and Muslim communities).&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;When racial profiling becomes so thoroughly recast as bureaucracy, it becomes easy to miss the inclining rather than declining significance of race. U.S. authorities did not go around detaining white men simply because Timothy McVeigh, a white man, had blown up the Oklahoma City buildings, legal scholar Leti Volpp comments, since whites remain individuals while Arabs and Muslims are understood only as a group with the group characteristic of violence.38 Historically, it is not hard to trace the racial basis to the profiling practiced in the 'War on terror.'&lt;br /&gt;Before the Gulf War, Canadian and American Arabs and Muslims were the subjects, both in the media and in scholarship, of what Edward Said described as 'a trafficking in expert Middle East lore': 'All roads lead to the bazaar; Arabs only understand force; brutality and violence are part of Arab civilization; Islam is an intolerant, segregationist, 'medieval,' fanatic, cruel, anti-woman religion.'39&lt;br /&gt;Scholars such as Edward Said long ago documented a consistent anti-Arab and anti-Muslim bias in the media. In the Canadian context, Karim Karim examined the media for the period 1980 to 2000, and showed how Islam became 'the new red scare.' The Muslim Other replaced the cold war script in the Canadian media, starting primarily with the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979. Muslim political violence was nearly always described as terrorism, Karim shows, and the media prepared the public to think of all Muslims and Arabs as irrational, terrorist fanatics.40 During the Gulf War, in 1991, many of these Hollywood-inspired stereotypes were marshalled in Canada, as journalist Zuhair Kashmeri showed in The Gulf Within. 41 Scholars in the United States have similarly documented a consistent racialization of Arabs, Muslims, and South Asians in the United States and have noted that the basis for racial animus facing these groups is not always the same. 42 Gott suggests that scholars have described racism directed on Arab, Muslims, and South Asians as originating in specific political contexts, for example, hostility towards the Palestinian cause, nativistic racism that affects all Asia Americans, and white racism spawned by a hyper-ethnocentrism. 43 The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon escalated the hostility and racism coming from all these directions. Anti-Muslim racism, often described as 'Islamophobia' has resulted in the 'Arabification' of Muslims and the 'Muslimification' of Arabs, even though approximately 60 per cent of Canadian Arabs are Christian.44&lt;br /&gt;What remains significant about the contemporary racial profiling of Arabs and Muslims, however , is not this well-established history but the fact that anti-Muslim racism now operates in a culture of exception, where to be profiled as a terrorist is to have a high chance of being taken to a place of law without law. Those who are profiled soon find themselves on lists, under surveillance and under suspicion, and in detention – states from which they cannot easily emerge. Diken and Lausten suggest that if 'power is to be total, it must defy regularity and rationality.'45 Power must become terror, arbitrary, and unpredictable. If, in the security-certificate hearings discussed below, we do not yet glimpse the full outlines of a regime of terror, we can see the arbitrary character of the law whereby stereotypes hold sway and arguments, in the absence of evidence of wrong-doing, rests primarily on the idea that they are not like us and they will pose a threat to us.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The case of Hassan Almrei&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Courts called upon to determine the presence of the potential to commit a terrorist act, as opposed to determining whether illegal acts have been committed, must operate in ways that are strikingly similar to those of the Spanish Inquisition, a creation of another state of exception. As Irene Silverblatt has shown, the Spanish Inquisition was one of the most modern bureaucracies of its time, “established to meet a perceived threat to national security from Jews, Muslims, and 'all maners of Heretics'”46 The Inquisition ran according to procedures and rules and was overseen by bureaucrats. Its function was to clarify publicly and powerfully who 'helds beliefs or engaged in life practices that were considered threats to the colony's moral and civic well-being.' 47 Spanish citizens learned from the Inquisition what citizenship was, and who would be forever beyond it. In a similar manner, security-certificates cases establish whose beliefs and life practices are a threat to the state and who must therefore be cast out of political community.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed all three characteristics (jihad, bonds between members, and the sleeper cell) become believable, as I show below, largely through unspoken but nonetheless invoked racial images of Muslim and Arab irrationality, tribalism, and, finally, disease or pathology. These ideas position non-Arabs and non-Muslims, in contrast, as belonging to a society of individuals who are rational and secular. As CSIS reiterates time and time again through the hearings, Arabs and Muslims are not like us. The power of this narrative structure is such that it is virtually impossible to question its coherency by asking, for example, how we come to know about these characteristics. The force of law without law, where questions need not to be answered, only entrenches further the narrative of a potentially deadly clash of civilizations.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;The concept of the sleeper cell, with its biological associations, is one that is central to the state's case, invoking as it has historically, the 'bodily degeneracy' of the marked group as well as the threat of contamination. A 'sleeper cell' provides the possibility of being pathological, yet appearing 'normal': disease deceptively hidden in an otherwise respectable body. 57 Relying on the conceptual tools of Sander Gilman and others, Carmela Murdocca has shown that the notion of a degenerate, disease-ridden body of colour against a healthy bourgeois citizenry has long structured the ideological production of the Canadian nation: 'The use of the discourse of contamination and disease is used to reaffirm colonial ideas about the inferiority and bodily degeneracy of colonized peoples.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;They are who they are, we are who we are&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Signs that Almrei carries the seeds of terrorism within him must tell the whole story of his disloyalty, since no direct evidence of his culpability is available. The first empty space that the signs must fill is the departure of the right to face one's accuser. At the hearing Almrei's lawyer, Barbara Jackman, began by attempting to secure the right to cross-examine CSIS or the RCMP agents who were the authors of the case against Almrei. Denied access to the specific agents involved, in the interests of national security, instead she is only allowed to cross-examine an intelligence analyst, J.P. Since J.P. Discusses generalities more than he is able to discuss the specifics of Almrei's case, this decision secures for the profile its privileged place as truth. In cross-examination, J.P. Acknowledged that the file of evidence against Almrei included items that may not be directly connected to him, for example, email in which Almei's name does no appear. He agreed that the Service does not always collect its own evidence, relying instead on media reports.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jihad &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;It is the concept of jihad that locks in place the judgment of ideology. Invoking the stereotype of the irrational Arab, the concept jihad is given a composite of details designed to invoke the clash of civilizations. J.P., the CSIS intelligence officer of Almrei's first hearing, had by 2005 become the deputy chief of counterterrorism and counterproliferation in Ottawa. […] J.P's testimony in 2005 sheds more light on the key concepts the Service has used to come to establish Almrei's 'stained blood' as a predictor of violence. The first of these is 'jihad', which J.P. admits (in contrasts to the confidence of the 2001 testimony) is as subjective term 'ranging from defining a personal struggle to make one a better individual and a better Muslim and to follow the tenets of Islam all the way to an offensive use of violence in defence of Islam, a holy war in other words.' 77&lt;br /&gt;Having established the context for their activities through his notion of jihad, J.P. Is then able to characterize the activities of Osama bin Laden, and others such as Ibn Khattab with whom Almrei was associated, not solely as part of an anti-Soviet rebellion in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Chechnya, but as something much more.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;The journey from Jihad to sleeper cells requires heavy reliance on the concept of ideology, an ideology that then has to be emplaced and embodied.[...] Unlike the IRA (whose members are characterized as motivated by a political objective), Al Qaeda is a 'religious and ideological movement,' in Layden-Stevenson's words. 'The ultimate goal is the takeover of the world by Islam. While that may sound a little fantastic and hyperbolic, essentially, it does come down to the eradication of the infidel and the creation of a puritan form of Islam for the world.'&lt;br /&gt;In the wake of powerful images of an Islamic takeover, the facts that don't add up hardly matter. Madame Justice Layder-Stevenson accepts that the Service had no specifics connecting Almeir's honey business to Al Qaeda, and that they had relied on a single media article by Judith Miller, a journalist whose 'record of accuracy' has been called into question, a situation of which J.P. was unaware.”&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;As Amit Rai discusses, ideas about Muslim irrationality drawn from older Orientalist and colonial discourses now undergid an entire field of knowledge production known as terrorism studies. In terrorism studies, the focus is on the motivations and belief systems of individual terrorists. The psyche is thus the privileged site of investigation and terrorism is explained as a compulsion or psycho-pathology. That is to say, the terrorist is driven to commit acts of violence as a consequence of psychological forces. The terrorist psyche is born in abnormal family dynamics, with the West's own heterosexual family as its point of contrast. Bin Laden, for example, is represented as someone abandoned by a polygamous father whose interests were with his other wives. He was drawn to find substitute father figures in fundamentalist men. Terrorists are depicted as failed heterosexuals who need the promise of virgins in heaven to commit to the cause. Such portraits not only draw on older discourses about the effeminate or sexually dysfunctional Muslim man and the Oriental despot, but they preclude any examination of the socio-political causes of terrorism. Importantly, they are the figures that enable the West to feel its own civilizational superiority and to make the case that exceptional violence is required to keep in line those whose uncivilized natures are so much in evidence. 94&lt;br /&gt;In terrorism studies, particularly scholarship supported by organizations such as the Rand Corporation, Rai shows, the Oriental despot cum terrorist is presented as someone prepared to die for his struggles, someone whose conviction and mindset are described as 'incomprehensible and frightening' and irrevocably pre-modern. For the Canadian context, we can trace the same discourses in popular books such as National Post journalist Stewart Bell's The Martyr's Oath 96 (assigned as a text in a political science course at the University of Toronto) and the circulation of such narratives about the psyche of terrorists and 'jihad' as his obligation, by web-based, right-wing research institutes such as the Mackenzie Institute, a source cited by CSIS in its testimony.97&lt;br /&gt;When complexity is ruled out, racism can do all the work of providing an interpretive framework. Orientalist notions of monster terrorists also emerge out of what François Debrix describes as 'tabloid realism', wherein complex geopolitical realities are written about and presented in the media and in scholarship relying on the conventions of tabloid literature. The tabloid medium is one in which 'reality must be described and truth must be revealed in a flashy, surprising, gripping, shocking, often moralizing, and sometimes anxiety producing manner.' 98 Focusing on those who write about foreign affairs in the United States, Debrix argues that several influential books have been written in the style of tabloid realism, notably Samuel huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and Robert Kaplan's The coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of Post Cold War . Such writings are 'made up of short, lapidary sentences, riddled with metaphors that call for the audience to maintain a mostly visual, figurative and imaginary apprenhension of the intellectual arguments.' 99 Maps and images (for example, Bell's The Martyr's Oath includes several pictures of Canadian 'terrorists' from adolescence to manhood) offer a simplified version of reality, proof, as it were, of a civilized world menaced by a barbarian Other. We might consider here how websites and computer images fulfil the same function in security certificate cases. As Mosse reminds us, one of the main strengths of racism is that it is 'a visual ideology based on stereotypes.' 100 It is not surprising, then, that tabloid realism achieves its coherence through an appeal to the visual.&lt;br /&gt;The tabloid medium 'deploys relatively ahistorical discourses in “contexts” that do not have to abide by rules of temporal and spatial contingency (the realities they describe are at once past, present or future),' 101 The discourses about Islami extremists and terrorists in security cases are very much in the style of tabloid realism, and the secrecy provisions that this simplified profile cannot be easily challenged. The portrait of the jihadist on which CSIS relies in the hearings has clearly recognizable origins in Orientalist scholarship such as that of Bernard Lewis. Mahmood Mamdani suggests that we locate an earlier and more refined version of the clash of civilizations thesis in Huntington (the West is law and rationality, the East is culture and religion) in the work of Bernard Lewis, for whom the West's distinctive attribute is freedom, in contrast to the Islamic's world fidelity to a world of culture, religion and community. In the Islamic world, 'an explosive mixture of rage and hatred' lies dormant, ready to erupt at various moments in history. 102 Thus, for Lewis and other Orientalists, the West must constantly protect itself from irrational, pre-modern peoples. Of course, even Lewis argued that there are different versions of Islam and that not all Muslims possess this rage and hatred. This argument, Mamdani observes, anticipates the good Muslim/bad Muslim frame that has so marked discourses of the 'War on Terror'.&lt;br /&gt;Good Muslim/Bad Muslim simply set the state for the West, as unified, homogeneous, and modern, to sort out good Muslims from bad Muslims. A good Muslim, paradoxically, is a secular Muslim who is influenced by the West, while a bad Muslim remains locked in the pre-modern. […]&lt;br /&gt;While good muslims can be assisted into modernity, bad Muslims, figured as 'anti-modern' and as having 'a profound ability to be destructive,' require incarceration and military action. 104 Complex histories are thus rendered simple by Orientalist scholars' reliance on the idea of good Muslims and bad Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;karen Engle has suggested, of the framework good alien/bad alien, that such dichotomies help the United States to make the case for its own tolerance. Profiling confirms the West's civility, since it provides an initial opportunity to sort good from bad aliens. Although Engle acknowledges, relying on Irene Porras, that 'the trick is to locate [the terrorist] in the category of the most terrifying and traditional enemy, that which the public is accustomed to thinking of as the barbarous and primitive outsider,' she maintains that a number of practices remain in place that are intended to confirm that good Muslims can escape the net. 106 For example, those Muslims who are able to demonstrate their patriotism, and who are careful not to engage in criticism of the state, can escape unscathed. As I show throughout, however, this is not the case. The exits are increasingly closed off for those who are Muslim. If the state is able to preserve an appearance of tolerance at all, it is only able to do so because the collective punishment of all Muslims is understood as reasonable, a necessary move to preserve Western civilization. It is useful to bear in mind both Rai's and Debrix's point that monster terrorists enable us to believe in 'democracy in the time of monsters,' 107 a time when we need states of exception and the authority to suspend fundamental rights, invade, and drop bombs on their heads for their own good. Monster figures legitimize new regimes of citizenship and security where we become accustomed to state violence as a warranted part of the social order, the transformation Agamben described as that from the state of exception to the camp. Without monster terrorists, states of exception would not be justified and states would confront the threat of terrorism within the law.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;Mahjoub maintained that the Egyptian conviction began with his wrongful arrest and torture. Similar hearings in absentia have been declared to be fraudulent by Amnesty International, and Britain has recently released a terror suspect with the same profile as Mahjoub who was also sentenced to fifteen years in absentia. Mahjoub's lawyer noted that while CSIS declares Mahjoub to be a high-ranking member of Al Jihad, his name does not appear on a list of its leading members. Once again, it is not possible on the stand to probe the source of CSIS's allegations. J.P. did not seem to be aware of the British cases, 126 of the news reports that the FBI acknowledges that it does not know of any sleeper cells, 127 and of the problems that arise with 'Jane's information service,' a website on which the Canadian Border Service Agency relies in the preparation of its reports on refoulement. 124 Mahjoub's lawyer also raised the issue that J.P took a course on Islamic terrorism that was coordinated by the Egyptian government. There is just enough showing through these points to suggest that Mahjoub's profile as a high-ranking member of Al Jihad is not something that survives even a cursory questioning on the stand. J.P does not appear to be a particularly well-informed expert, and if we are to believe that secret evidence would make clear that the Service's allegations are borne out, his limited knowledge of public information limits our trust.&lt;br /&gt;[…]&lt;br /&gt;Adil Charkaoui is perhaps the best illustration of what it means to be caught in a profile. Charkaoui has four characteristics that bring him to the state's attention. First, he appears to be normal. That is to say, he is married with two children and he was pursuing graduate studies in Montreal. As CSIS testified at his hearing, this very normalcy is what suggested that he was a part of a sleeper cell. The agent clarified at length that a sleeper agent is instructed as follows: 'Go back to your usual life, act as if nothing is happening... And then one of these days...you will get a message...and that's the time to do what you want to do.' 136 On cross-examination, the CSIS officer in question acknowledged that he did not know whether Adil Charkaoui was an Al Qaeda member. 137 To make matters worse, Charkaoui has taken martial arts training, as did one of the September 11 hijackers. 138 Paradoxically, although he is normal, Charkaoui has several of the other elements of the terrorist profile, primarily the geographical profile of an Islamic extremist. First, he is from Morocco and CSIS alleged that he was in fact a member of a radical Islam group. Second, he is religious, and through going to the mosques in the Montreal area he came into contact with a number of suspicious individuals. Third, Charkaoui travelled to Pakistan in February of 1998 and stayed until July. He maintains that he was undertaking Islamic studies in order to write a book, while CSIS alleges that he attended a training camp in Afghanistan. A key piece of evidence against him are the statements of Abu Zubaida and Ahmed Ressam (which are part of the summary of the evidence previously given to Mr Charkaoui on 26 may, 17 july, and 14 august 2003) identifying Mr Charkaoui, upon presentation of photographs, under the name of Al-Maghrebi and stating that he had been seen by them in Afghanistan in a camp. 139 (Charkaoui argued that the information obtained from Ressam and Abu Zubaida were not credible since they were obtained under torture or, in the case of Mr Ressam, under the pressure of an agreement for clemency or a reduced sentence in connection with his hearing in the United States. Abdurahman Khadr, whose father knew Bin Ladin and was as part of his network, testified that he never saw Mr Charkaoui in Afghanistan.)&lt;br /&gt;[..]&lt;br /&gt;In their book The Culture of Exception , Bulent Diken and Carsten Bagge Lausten take care to clarify that their argument that today the exception is the rule is not an argument that 'contemporary society is characterized by the cruelty of the concentration camps, although camp-like structures are spreading quickly.' Instead, they argue that 'the logic of the camps tends to be generalized.' 143 It is this logic that we see first in the immigrant and refugee as exceptions in immigration law, and second, as homo sacer, in security-certificate hearings since the 'war on terror' began. It is a logic that is first and foremost about the power of the sovereign. The zone of non-law into which refugees are plunged is a legally authorized place in which rights are suspended. Simultaneously in the legal order and outside of it, the refugee confirms the terrible power of the state to determine every aspect of his life. 144 When this terrible power unfolds as bureaucracy, when the life of the refugee can depend on a few whispered words about jihad or training camps, then we too must accept the power of the state.&lt;br /&gt;Race soothes any worries we have about the display of raw power. It invests the proceedings with a kind of coherency that belies the arbitrary nature of what is unfolding. There are monster terrorists, we believe , and the things we must do in order to contain them, things we would note ordinarily accept, become justified. It is through the powerful evocations of jihad and pitiless, misogynist men in beards that we come to accept that we do not need due process, that proof does not matter. We become inured to lawlessness, as long as it remains in the camps, as long, that is, that it is applied only to certain bodies who live outside of reason.&lt;br /&gt;The position that all Muslims and Arabs live outside of reason, and should therefore be cast outside of the law, is not one that is made once and for all. The story of race in the law is one that is full of internal contradictions: they are secretive and duplicitous yet it is we who rely on secret evidence; they are irrational yet it is we who depend on wild assertions about the Muslim fanatic and his counterpart in security hearings, the Anglo-Saxon man. The story of monster terrorists does not make sense yet is common sense. As I suggest in chapter 2, it is useful, as Meyda Yegenoglu suggests, to think of race as 'a historically specific fantasy,' one in which Western subjects learn to imagine themselves as sovereign only through marking the other as different and outside reason. 145 The other will not stay fixed ant the claim of universality that the Western subject must make requires a continued engagement with difference, an engagement that the law reveals to be fraught with desire, fear and anxiety. “&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-4747439294758449775?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/4747439294758449775/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=4747439294758449775&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4747439294758449775'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4747439294758449775'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/05/casting-out-eviction-of-muslims-from_06.html' title='Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law &amp;Politics (2)'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OniWxpf0Nxw/S-M7MaM8elI/AAAAAAAACU4/bJw9u5n9tLU/s72-c/Casting+Out' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-4133238377234450116</id><published>2009-12-30T08:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T08:08:01.922-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doc'/><title type='text'>Mail  Andrep</title><content type='html'>Souhail Chichah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;andrep449@voila.fr&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Envoyé:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jeudi 21 octobre 2010 21:55&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;À:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsieur,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je ne vous ferai pas la faveur de commenter de trop,votre insipide et écoeurante prestation à l'Ulb.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vous êtes bien de ces pseudos intellectuels soi disant défenseurs des droits de l homme,mais par contre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;véritable militant nazislamiste.Votre discours ne fait que me conforter dans cette définition de Malraux,qui&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;,lorsqu il nommait le fascime disait:LA BETE IMMONDE EST REVENUE.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vos haine et vos frustrations ,vous ne savez les exprimer qu au travers d'un discours&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;nauséabond,inversement proportionnel à votre véritable qualité humaine :c est à dire NULLE. Je ne vous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;mettrai pas au niveau de Tareq Ramadan,qui vous est supérieurement intelligent,mais au moins aussi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sournois et maléfique que vous l'etes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quand vous parlez de ces juifs sales qui venaient d europe centrale,vous oubliez singulierement ces hordes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;pouilleuses venues du find fond de l atlas et d autres parties du maroc, qui n ont de cesse que de dégrader l&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;environnement qui n est pas le leur. Vous avez transposé la saleté et la crasse de vos casbah en des endroits&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;qui étaient, avant votre venue et celles de vos coreligionnaires,des quartiers ou il faisait bon vivre,.Vous en&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;avez fait des coupes gorges plein d'ordures,de pisse et d'excrements de ces brutes sans éducation,auquels&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;intellectuellement je vous identifie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je n ai qu un souhait c qu un nouveau Charles Martel,vienne et qu il vous remette la bonne branlée que vous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;méritez,et que vous nous foutiez la paix pour au moins encore mille ans.Je ne vois aucun inconvénient à ce&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;qu il fasse mieux,et qu il vous éradique carrément de la surface de la terre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En tous cas qd vous aurez un gouvernement d extreme droite,ce qui est loin d etre impossible, vous pourrez&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;commencer a vous en faire pour vos claouinettes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je ne vous salue certainement pas bien bas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A vous lire malheureusement bientot&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-4133238377234450116?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/4133238377234450116/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=4133238377234450116&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4133238377234450116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/4133238377234450116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2009/12/mail-andrep.html' title='Mail  Andrep'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-8574607506055893762</id><published>2009-12-12T09:20:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T08:23:44.872-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doc'/><title type='text'>Echange Mail Sagesser (2)</title><content type='html'>Souhail Chichah&lt;br /&gt;De:Caroline Sagesser [Caroline.Sagesser@ulb.ac.be]&lt;br /&gt;Envoyé:vendredi 22 octobre 2010 09:16&lt;br /&gt;À:Souhail Chichah; luc.malghem@swing.be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Objet:Re: ? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Souhaitez-vous par hasard que je vous fasse suivre les insultes que moi je reçois de gens dont je sais que vous les connaissez ?Je maintiens ne jamais vous avoir insulté, ni moi ni aucun de mes amis.Vous me trainez dans la boue sans motif, et puis vous vous étonnez !Le rôle de la vierge effarouchée ne vous va pas(Zut, voilà que je vais moi aussi me laisser entraîner dans les comparaisons sexuelles... ;-))-----&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Original Message -----&lt;br /&gt;From: "Souhail Chichah" &lt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To: &lt;caroline.sagesser@ulb.ac.be&gt;; &lt;luc.malghem@swing.be&gt;; &lt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sent: Thursday, October 21, 2010 10:19 PM&lt;br /&gt;Subject: fwd:Forwarded message: &amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;From: andrep449@voila.fr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;To: schichah@ulb.ac.be&amp;gt;Cc:&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2010 21:54:59 +0200 (CEST) ;&lt;br /&gt;Subject: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsieur, Je ne vous ferai pas la faveur de commenter de trop,votre insipide et écoeurante prestation à l'Ulb. &amp;gt;Vous êtes bien de ces pseudos intellectuels soi disant défenseurs des droits de l homme,mais par contre véritable militant nazislamiste.Votre discours ne fait que me conforter dans cette définition de Malraux,qui ,lorsqu il nommait le fascime disait:LA BETE IMMONDE EST REVENUE.Vos haine et vos frustrations ,vous ne savez les exprimer qu au travers d'un discours nauséabond,inversement proportionnel à votre véritable qualité humaine :c est à dire NULLE. Je ne vous mettrai pas au niveau de Tareq Ramadan,qui vous est supérieurement intelligent,mais au moins aussi sournois et maléfique que vous l'etes. Quand vous parlez de ces juifs sales qui venaient d europe centrale,vous oubliez singulierement ces hordes pouilleuses venues du find fond de l atlas et d autres parties du maroc, qui n ont de cesse que de dégrader l environnement qui n est pas le leur. Vous avez transposé la saleté et la crasse de vos casbah en des endroits qui étaient, avant votre venue et celles de vos coreligionnaires,des quartiers ou il faisait bon vivre,.Vous en avez fait des coupes gorges plein d'ordures,de pisse et d'excrements de ces brutes sans éducation,auquels intellectuellement je vous identifie. &amp;gt;Je n ai qu un souhait c qu un nouveau Charles Martel,vienne et qu il vous remette la bonne branlée que vous méritez,et que vous nous foutiez la paix pour au moins encore mille ans.Je ne vois aucun inconvénient à ce qu il fasse mieux,et qu il vous éradique carrément de la surface de la terre. En tous cas qd vous aurez un gouvernement d extreme droite,ce qui est loin d etre impossible, vous pourrez commencer a vous en faire pour vos claouinettes. Je ne vous salue certainement pas bien bas. A vous lire malheureusement bientot &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bien cordialement, &lt;/schichah@ulb.ac.be&gt;&lt;/luc.malghem@swing.be&gt;&lt;/caroline.sagesser@ulb.ac.be&gt;&lt;/schichah@ulb.ac.be&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-8574607506055893762?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/8574607506055893762/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=8574607506055893762&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/8574607506055893762'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/8574607506055893762'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/12/echange-mail-sagesser.html' title='Echange Mail Sagesser (2)'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-1586149386837538042</id><published>2009-12-12T09:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-06T12:13:44.174-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doc'/><title type='text'>Blog Irene Kaufer</title><content type='html'>&lt;noscript&gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt; 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       &lt;/script&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-3130368082137382589?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/3130368082137382589/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=3130368082137382589&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3130368082137382589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3130368082137382589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/12/echange-mail-avec-irene-kaufer.html' title='Echange mail avec Irene Kaufer'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20618867.post-3958217112856242121</id><published>2009-12-12T09:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-06T12:15:50.007-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doc'/><title type='text'>Echange avec Jean Vogel</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="margin: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A  LIRE DANS L’ORDRE CHRONOLIGIQUE: DE BAS EN HAUT.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;-----Message d'origine-----&lt;br /&gt;De&amp;nbsp;: Souhail Chichah [mailto:&lt;a href="mailto:schichah@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;br /&gt;Envoyé&amp;nbsp;: lundi 8 juin 2009 11:58&lt;br /&gt;À&amp;nbsp;: '&lt;a href="mailto:jvogel@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;jvogel@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;'; 'jean bricmont'&lt;br /&gt;Cc&amp;nbsp;: '&lt;a href="mailto:pebla@noos.fr" target="_blank"&gt;pebla@noos.fr&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:alain.gresh@monde-diplomatique.fr" target="_blank"&gt;alain.gresh@monde-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;diplomatique.fr&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:istenger@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;istenger@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;';  '&lt;a href="mailto:nouali@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;nouali@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:jessamri@brutele.be" target="_blank"&gt;jessamri@brutele.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:kadtshi@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;kadtshi@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:danvanhove@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;danvanhove@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;';  '&lt;a href="mailto:Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:amorelli@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;amorelli@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:v.degraef@bruxellesformation.be" target="_blank"&gt;v.degraef@bruxellesformation.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;be&lt;/a&gt;';  '&lt;a href="mailto:ouazraf@fusl.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;ouazraf@fusl.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:houria86@hotmail.fr" target="_blank"&gt;houria86@hotmail.fr&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;';  '&lt;a href="mailto:christine.delphy@gmail.com" target="_blank"&gt;christine.delphy@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:f.burgat@ifporient.org" target="_blank"&gt;f.burgat@ifporient.org&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:malaluf@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;malaluf@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;';  '&lt;a href="mailto:jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be" target="_blank"&gt;jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be&lt;/a&gt;'; '&lt;a href="mailto:Jean.baumgarten0412@orange.fr" target="_blank"&gt;Jean.baumgarten0412@orange.fr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;'&lt;br /&gt;Objet&amp;nbsp;: RE: Antisémitisme,_antisionisme:_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;quelle_di alectique?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Cher Jean Vogel,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A la diffamation et à&amp;nbsp;l’argument  d’autorité&amp;nbsp; de votre premier envoi (1), vous rajoutez au mépris  une terrible violence symbolique : «Eh bien mon vieux comme Dr Diafoirus  tu te poses un peu là ! C'est de la parodie ou est-ce que tu te prends  au sérieux ? ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Que vous puissiez écrire de la sorte,  c’est-à-dire au vu et au su de vos collègues, en rupture totale  avec la pratique académique du débat contradictoire ne peut s’expliquer  que par ma position sociale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Comme tous les descendant/e/s de l’immigration  maghrébine, je suis habitué&amp;nbsp;aux racismes (racisme de classe et  islamophobie). Ces racismes motivent mon travail de déconstruction  des rapports de domination. En ce sens, je vous remercie pour vos échanges  qui m’ont permis d’ébaucher une première critique de Taguieff  que je publierai prochainement. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Qu’un philosophe et un politologue  de votre renommée considère que Foucault, Bourdieu et Liebman ne sont  pas «&amp;nbsp;humainement compréhensibles »&amp;nbsp;et que la mobilisation  de leurs travaux vous empêche d’échanger, j’en prends acte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Mais lorsque mon ami Jean Bricmont  vous écrit, en usant du seul sens courant des mots, vous en jouez pour  dénaturer ses propos en leur donnant une acception que Jean leurs refuse  expressément.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ainsi lorsque vous écrivez : «&amp;nbsp; la scandaleuse indulgence dont Israël continue trop souvent à&amp;nbsp; bénéficier n'est certainement pas le fait d'un prétendu sentiment  de culpabilité&amp;nbsp;envers les juifs inculqués dans les cerveaux des  non-juifs », vous mettez Jean Bricmont insidieusement parmi les tenants  de la Théorie du complot (faites lui quasiment dire que les Juifs injectent  des idées dans la tête des gens pendant leur sommeil avec des grosses  seringues !). Théorie qu’il vous a formellement écrit rejeter. Dans  une société où l’antisémitisme&amp;nbsp; est hautement disqualifiant  (le problème n’étant pas qu’il le soit mais bien qu’il soit  le seul racisme à l’être), votre conclusion peut lui être préjudiciable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Veuillez donc svp considérer comme  nulle et non avenue mon invitation à&amp;nbsp;réfléchir de concert. Vous  avez raison, il n’est malheureusement pas possible de débattre «&amp;nbsp; sur un pied d’égalité ». Là, où vous entendez « parler politique  », c’est-à-dire introduire la pratique politique dans la « Science  », nous préférons de loin tenter d’introduire la pratique scientifique  dans le « Politique ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bien à&amp;nbsp;vous,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Souhail Chichah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(1)&amp;nbsp; «&amp;nbsp;Cette [celle de  Souhail Chichah donc] cécité&amp;nbsp;volontaire peut relever de la malhonnêteté&amp;nbsp; intellectuelle, de l'hyper-crédulité&amp;nbsp;politique ou d'une jouissance  suscitée par la perversité&amp;nbsp;de Dieudonné. J'ignore laquelle de  ces trois explications te convient mais tu comprendras mon scepticisme  quant à&amp;nbsp;ta capacité&amp;nbsp;à&amp;nbsp;impulser une réflexion sur  ces questions. »&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;-----Message d'origine-----&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;De : Souhail Chichah by way of Jean  Vogel [mailto:&lt;a href="mailto:jvogel@ulb.ac.beschichah" target="_blank"&gt;jvogel@ulb.ac.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;beschichah&lt;/a&gt;@&lt;a href="http://ulb.ac.be/" target="_blank"&gt;ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Envoyé&amp;nbsp;: mardi 2 juin 2009 11:56&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;À : Souhail Chichah; &lt;a href="mailto:schichah@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:jvogel@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;jvogel@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Cc : &lt;a href="mailto:pebla@noos.fr" target="_blank"&gt;pebla@noos.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:alain.gresh@monde-diplomatique.fr" target="_blank"&gt;alain.gresh@monde-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;diplomatique.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:istenger@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;istenger@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:nouali@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;nouali@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:jessamri@brutele.be" target="_blank"&gt;jessamri@brutele.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:kadtshi@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;kadtshi@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:danvanhove@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;danvanhove@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:amorelli@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;amorelli@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:v.degraef@bruxellesformation.be" target="_blank"&gt;v.degraef@bruxellesformation.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:ouazraf@fusl.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;ouazraf@fusl.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:houria86@hotmail.fr" target="_blank"&gt;houria86@hotmail.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:christine.delphy@gmail.com" target="_blank"&gt;christine.delphy@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:f.burgat@ifporient.org" target="_blank"&gt;f.burgat@ifporient.org&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:malaluf@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;malaluf@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be" target="_blank"&gt;jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:Jean.baumgarten0412@orange.fr" target="_blank"&gt;Jean.baumgarten0412@orange.fr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Objet : Antisémitisme,_antisionisme:_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;quelle_di  alectique?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Eh bien mon vieux comme Dr Diafoirus  tu te poses un peu là ! C'est de la parodie ou est-ce que tu te prends  au sérieux ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Désolé&amp;nbsp;de ne pouvoir te suivre  sur ce terrain mais je ne discute de politique que sur un pied d'égalité&amp;nbsp; et donc en termes humainement compréhensibles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;jean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt; Cher Jean Vogel,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Lorsqu'invité&amp;nbsp;à&amp;nbsp;débattre,  vous refusez en indexant d'autorité&amp;nbsp;votre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;interlocuteur comme relevant "de  la malhonnêteté&amp;nbsp;intellectuelle, de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;l'hyper-crédulité&amp;nbsp;(…)  ou d'une jouissance suscitée par la perversité&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;(...)", vous devez, assurément,  l’être vous-même pour réclamer votre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;envoi initial "des arguments  rationnels et non des insultes ou du pathos".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Acte toutefois que vous vous déjugez  sur votre "scepticisme quant à&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;[ma] capacité à impulser une  réflexion sur ces questions" en acceptant &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;finalement de vous inscrire dans  la discussion proposée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Veuillez donc recevoir en conséquence,  les quelques éléments de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;critique, ci-joint, quant à&amp;nbsp; votre réponse (ci-dessous) à&amp;nbsp;la stimulante &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;contribution de Jean Bricmont.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Bien à&amp;nbsp;vous,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Souhail Chichah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;-----Message d'origine-----&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;De : Jean Vogel [mailto:&lt;a href="mailto:jvogel@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;jvogel@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;]  Envoyé&amp;nbsp;: vendredi 29 mai 2009 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;16:29 À&amp;nbsp;: jean bricmont;  &lt;a href="mailto:schichah@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt; Cc : Jean Vogel; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:pebla@noos.fr" target="_blank"&gt;pebla@noos.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:alain.gresh@monde-diplomatique.fr" target="_blank"&gt;alain.gresh@monde-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;diplomatique.fr&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:istenger@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;istenger@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:nouali@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;nouali@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:jessamri@brutele.be" target="_blank"&gt;jessamri@brutele.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:kadtshi@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;kadtshi@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:mallaluf@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;mallaluf@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:danvanhove@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;danvanhove@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:amorelli@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;amorelli@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:v.degraef@bruxellesformation.be" target="_blank"&gt;v.degraef@bruxellesformation.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;be&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:ouazraf@fusl.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;ouazraf@fusl.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:houria86@hotmail.fr" target="_blank"&gt;houria86@hotmail.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:christine.delphy@gmail.com" target="_blank"&gt;christine.delphy@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;a href="mailto:f.burgat@ifporient.org" target="_blank"&gt;f.burgat@ifporient.org&lt;/a&gt; Objet :  re:Re:_Antisémitisme,_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;antisionisme:_quelle_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;dialectique?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Cher Jean Bricmont,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;des quelques réactions reçues  après mon mail à&amp;nbsp;Souhail, la vôtre est la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;seule à&amp;nbsp;m'objecter des arguments  rationnels et non des insultes ou du &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;pathos ; c'est nettement plus  stimulant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Pour circonscrire la discussion,  je noterai d'abord ce sur quoi nous &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;sommes d'emblée d'accord et qui  ne donne donc pas lieu à&amp;nbsp;débat :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1. la nécessité de défendre  le droit à la liberté d'expression, y &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;compris évidemment pour Dieudonné.  Je suis personnellement partisan de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;la conception états-unienne d'une  liberté&amp;nbsp;d'expression beaucoup moins &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;limitée et encadrée qu'en Europe  et je suis notamment opposé&amp;nbsp;aux lois &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;mémorielles sur la Shoah, le  génocide des Arméniens, la traite des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Noirs, ou quoi que ce soit d'autre...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;2. le constat que le développement  ou l'exacerbation de l'antisémitisme &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;dans le monde aujourd'hui sont  d'abord et avant tout un effet de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;politique d'Israël envers les  Palestiniens (et non, effectivement, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;l'expression d'une "haine  éternelle" des Juifs ou d'un "retour du &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;refoulé" antisémite après  60 ans de censure).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;3. le caractère insupportable  du chantage à l'accusation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'antisémitisme utilisé&amp;nbsp; contre les opposants et les critiques d'Israel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;les antisionistes, les chercheurs  qui soulèvent des réalités&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;déplaisantes (le pauvre John  Mearsheimer), des humoristes, etc, etc, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;etc. Plus la politique israélienne  perd de sa légitimité&amp;nbsp;aux yeux de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;l'opinion publique européenne  (et, à&amp;nbsp;un bien moindre degré,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;états-unienne), plus l'usage  de cette arme devient frénétique, avec &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;pour effet évident de renforcer  par réaction le véritable antisémitisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;4. Une fois ces points établis,  il n'en reste pas moins que ce n'est &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;pas parce que les sionistes (pour  parler vite) accusent d'antisémitisme &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;à&amp;nbsp;peu près tous les gens  dont les positions leur déplaisent qu'il n'y &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;en a pas parmi ceux-ci un certain  nombre qui camouflent leur &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;antisémitisme du masque de l'antisionisme  ou qui en tout cas les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;confondent allègrement. Si je  ne me trompe, contrairement à&amp;nbsp;ceux dont je disais qu'ils ne "veulent  rien savoir"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;de ce dernier fait, vous en convenez  également. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Là&amp;nbsp;où&amp;nbsp;nous divergeons,  je pense, c'est sur le jugement politique à&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;porter sur cette situation (1)  et sur la réponse à&amp;nbsp;lui donner (2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1. vous pensez que, la situation  étant ce qu'elle est,&amp;nbsp; la montée de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;sentiments anti-juifs est inévitable,  inscrite dans la nature humaine, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;pas de guerre sans "hostilité&amp;nbsp; de type ethnique entre les belligérants". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Donc rien ne sert de la déplorer,  d'autant peut-être que cela "ferait le jeu "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;des sionistes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Mes objections:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1.1. même si c'est un effet de  la nature humaine (??) dans un contexte &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;donné, un intellectuel ou un  politique responsable se doit d'aller à&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;contre-courant, d'établir pédagogiquement  les distinctions nécessaires, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;entre juifs, israéliens et sionistes  par exemple.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1.2. il ne s'agit pas seulement  d'hostilité entre belligérants en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Israel/Palestine, puisqu'elle  se répand ailleurs, ici même, et qu'elle &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;tend à&amp;nbsp;prendre pour cible  les Juifs en général. Vous écrivez "il est &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;comique, quand on voit le "look"  des gens qui soutiennent Dieudo,&amp;nbsp; que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;des gens désignés par l'état  pour combattre le racisme ne soient pas le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;moins du monde gênés de le diaboliser".  Si je vous comprend bien des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;jeunes arabes ou des jeunes noirs  (c'est ça l'allusion au look, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;non?)puisqu'ils sont victimes  du racisme (et en première ligne, j'en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;conviens tout à fait) ne peuvent  pas être eux-mêmes racistes. Hélas, il &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;n'est est jamais ainsi : le fait  d'un groupe ait été&amp;nbsp;ou soit l'objet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'une oppression ou de discriminations  ne l'empêche nullement d'en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;exercer une pareille sur d'autres  à&amp;nbsp;son tour. On l'a précisément vu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;dans le cas des Juifs devenus  Israéliens envers les Palestiniens. Je &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;soutiens la cause des Palestiniens  parce qu'ils ont subi une terrible &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;injustice mais je n'ai pas d'illusion  sur le fait qu'en cas de victoire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;arabe en 1948 le sort des Juifs  en Palestine eut été&amp;nbsp;beaucoup plus favorable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1.3. dans un certain nombre de  cas, ces "sentiments" se cristallisent &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;et finissent par déboucher sur  de l'antisémitisme idéologique, au sens &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;plein du mot, càd sur cette vision  du monde qui attribue aux Juifs la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;responsabilité&amp;nbsp;de tous les  maux de la terre, qui croit à&amp;nbsp;l'existence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'une domination juive occulte,  qui se réfère aux protocoles des sages &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;de sion, etc, etc. Sur cette base,  on voit converger voire confluer, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;comme cela s'est déjà&amp;nbsp;produit  dans le passé, des gens venus de tous les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;bords de l'éventail politique,  des néo-nazis, des cathos intégristes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;des islamistes, des ultra-gauches,  des tiers-mondistes, rassemblés par &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;une seule chose. La composition  de la liste Dieudonné&amp;nbsp;aux élections &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;européennes est une illustration  clinique exemplaire de cette &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;cristallisation idéologique et  non, comme vous l'écrivez, "l'expression &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'un raz-le-bol" (de qui  et de quoi Alain Soral a-t-il raz-le-bol ?). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Arrivé&amp;nbsp;à&amp;nbsp;ce stade,  dénoncer les sionistes et la sionisation ne désigne &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;évidemment plus rien d'autre  que les juifs en général, responsables de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;la crise financière, de la grippe  mexicaine et du divorce)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;1.4. Ce genre d'antisionisme-là&amp;nbsp;  représente le meilleur service qu'on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;puisse rendre aux défenseurs  d'Israël, puisqu'il confirme leur discours &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;et renforce leur tactique. Si  Dieudonné&amp;nbsp;n'existait pas, le Mossad devrait l'inventer..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;2. en ce qui concerne la réponse  à adopter, vous pronez "la liberté &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'expression et de débats dans  nos sociétés (y compris pour les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;fascistes, racistes, révisionnistes  etc.), non seulement sur la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Palestine, mais aussi sur les  réseaux de soutien pro-israéliens ici et, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;en général, sur toutes les questions  impliquant les "juifs". Je suis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;d'accord, à&amp;nbsp; la fois pour  des raisons de principes (libertaires) et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;parce que la censure (et l'autocensure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;!!!) sont contre-productives en  alimentant ce qu'elles prétendent étouffer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Il me semble cependant qu'il existe  chez vous une autre motivation, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;celle de faire lever le tabou  entourant l'expression de l'antisémitisme &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;dans l'espoir de libérer ainsi  le champ permettant de critiquer Israël. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Si c'est le cas, permettez-moi  de vous comparer à&amp;nbsp;Gribouille qui pour &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;échapper à&amp;nbsp;la pluie se  jette dans la rivière. Je combat le discours &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;sioniste d'abord parce qu'il cherche  à&amp;nbsp;justifier l'oppression des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Palestiniens et le bellicisme  d'Israêl et ensuite parce qu'il cherche à &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;exercer une forme de terreur intellectuelle  au moyen de l'accusation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;MENSONGERE d'antisémitisme adressée&amp;nbsp; à&amp;nbsp;ses opposants. Je combat le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;discours antisémite parce qu'elle  engendre la haine, l'intolérance, la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;persécution et parce qu'il détourne  les opprimés de la lutte contre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;leurs véritables adversaires,  et je le combat y compris lorsqu'il cherche MENSONGEREMENT à&amp;nbsp;se  faire passer pour de l'antisionisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;En aucun cas, je ne peux attendre  de la libération de la parole &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;antisémite un effet positif par  rapport à&amp;nbsp;la cause palestinienne. Je ne &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;suis pas convaincu que nous soyons  d'accord sur ce dernier point;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;bien à&amp;nbsp;vous&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;jean vogel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;Bonjour,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Commme je fais sans doute  partie des gens qui "prétendent ne rien voir &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;de mal dans l'antisémitisme  de&amp;nbsp; Dieudonné", je voudrais préciser ma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;position-- mais je ne vais  pas discuter de Dieudo lui-même.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Je suis le premier à&amp;nbsp; constater que l'antisémitisme monte; j'insiste &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;là- dessus. Qui plus est,  je pense que l'opposition à&amp;nbsp;Israël mène &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;souvent à&amp;nbsp;l'antisémitisme.  Par exemple beaucoup de gens pensent-ce que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;je crois pas une seconde-  que le Mossad est responsable des attentats &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;11 sept., hypothèse symptomatique  d'une montée de l'antisémitisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Mais je ne suis pas d'accord  avec les sionistes pour dire que c'est dû&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;à&amp;nbsp;une "haine éternelle"  qui se manifeste.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;La raison en est plus banale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Sous l'influence de l'idéologie  de l'ingérence humanitaire (que les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;sionistes ont soutenu parce  que çà leur permettait de diaboliser les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;"régimes arabes"  face à leur "unique démocratie" au MO), les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;occidentaux (surtout les intellectuels,  et surtout à&amp;nbsp;gauche) ont pris &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;l'habitude de faire de grandes  déclarations sur à&amp;nbsp;peu près tout-la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Chine, la Russie, l'Iran,  le Hamas, Cuba, la Lybie etc... A chaque &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;fois, on dénonce, on condamne  (au nom des droits de l'homme); ca ne &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;change pas grand chose dans  le monde, mais ca permet de bomber le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;torse et de renforcer la bonne  conscience occidentale (ce qui serait &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;peut-être un peu plus difficile  à&amp;nbsp;faire si on parlait d'autres choses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;que des droits de l'homme-  par ex les transferts de ressources et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;d'argent, l'exploitation de  la main d'oeuvre et autres détails).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Mais tout change quand on  parle d'Israël. Alors qu'on peut être -à&amp;nbsp;peu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;de frais- un grand défenseur  des opprimés au Tibet, dès qu'on parle un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;peu trop des Palestiniens,  le ciel vous tombe sur la tête. Et le "ciel"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;est toujours le même: les  organisations dites représentatives, et les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;intellectuels organiques,  si on peut dire, qui en sont proches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Demandez à&amp;nbsp;n'importe  quel homme politique ou journaliste (loin de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;toute oreille indiscrète)  et il vous confirmera la chose. Et ce n'est &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pas dû&amp;nbsp;à&amp;nbsp;une lecture  assidue des Protocoles mais à&amp;nbsp;des expériences &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;nombreuses et funestes (on  pourrait en faire la liste).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Et c’est uniquement parce  qu’Israël se proclame état juif que la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;critique est censurée. S'attendre  à&amp;nbsp;ce que cette situation ne fasse &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pas augmenter l'antisémitisme  est avoir une vue peut-être un peu trop &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;optimiste de la nature humaine.  Pendant la guerre, les gens étaient &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;anti-allemands, pas simplement  antinazis. Je ne vois pas d'exemple de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;guerre qui n'engendre pas  d'hostilité&amp;nbsp;de type ethnique entre les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;belligérants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;C'est vrai qu'ici il n'y a  pas de guerre, mais il y a un parti pris &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;officiel systématique en  faveur d'Israël et une censure constante des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;points de vue opposés (avec  beaucoup d'autocensure). Lors de son &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;dernier passage à&amp;nbsp;Bxls,  Dieudo s'est vu annuler deux salles et le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;propriétaire de la péniche  où&amp;nbsp;il a joué&amp;nbsp;a dit qu'il ne l'aurait pas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;louée s'il l'avait su à&amp;nbsp; quelle fin elle était louée (en plus, une &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;question a été soulevée  au parlement sur son éventuel retour).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Pourtant, je ne vois aucun  "antifasciste", aucun "antiraciste" et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;aucun "démocrate"  protester (à part Dermagne dans LLB). Au contraire, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Delruelle et bien d'autres  (même les Indigènes!) ne trouvent rien de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;mieux&amp;nbsp; à&amp;nbsp;faire  que de hurler avec les loups (au passage, il est &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;comique, quand on voit le  "look" des gens qui soutiennent Dieudo,&amp;nbsp; que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;des gens désignés par l'état  pour combattre le racisme ne soient pas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;le moins du monde gênés  de le diaboliser). Pas de protestations et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pourtant, je ne pense pas  qu'une telle censure ait eu lieu en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Belgique.... depuis la fin  de la guerre c'est-à-dire du fascisme. Même &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;l'Eglise au temps de sa gloire  n'arrivait pas à&amp;nbsp;ce genre de résultat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Est-ce que, disant cela, je  "justifie" l'antisémitisme? Disons &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;simplement que, quand une  marmite bout, on peut, soit laisser sortir &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;la vapeur, soit appuyer sur  le couvercle en attendant que tout saute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Les deux poids deux mesures  et la censure permanente faites ad majorem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Israeli gloriam rendent beaucoup  de gens fous furieux (et, à des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;degrés divers, antisémites).  La liste Dieudo est un symptôme de ce &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;ras- le-bol croissant. Face  à&amp;nbsp;cela, comme face au discours &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;d'Ahmadinejad à l'ONU ou  au vote pour le Hamas, on peut choisir la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;voie de la dénonciation/diabolisation  ou bien changer nous-mêmes. Et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;dans ce cas- ci (celui de  Dieudo) c'est très simple: il suffirait de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;rétablir la liberté&amp;nbsp; d'expression et de débats dans nos sociétés (y &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;compris pour les fascistes,  racistes, révisionnistes etc.), non &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;seulement sur la Palestine,  mais aussi sur les réseaux de soutien &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pro-israéliens ici et, en  général, sur toutes les questions impliquant les "juifs".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Bien sûr, un certain nombre  d'idées antisémites seraient avancées &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;(mais ces idées sont de toutes  façons dans la tête des gens et on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pourrait alors leur répondre)  et le phénomène Dieudo se dégonflerait &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;immédiatement (sans doute  que lui-même ne verrait, dans cette &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;situation, aucune raison de  présenter sa liste).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Ce que je trouve absolument&amp;nbsp;  tragique c'est que la gauche &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;"démocratique"  qui aime tant attaquer Dieudo (et participer ainsi au &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;renforcement de la censure)  ne jure en général que par &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;l'anticommunisme le plus farouche  sans se rendre compte que la racine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;la plus fondamentale de la  tragédie du "socialisme réel" a été&amp;nbsp;la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;suppression totale en URSS,  bien avant Staline, de toute liberté&amp;nbsp;de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;pensée (c'est-à-dire non  autorisée par le parti). La lutte contre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;l'antisémitisme (telle qu'elle  est menée) prépare de nouveaux &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;lendemains qui déchantent.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Bien à&amp;nbsp;vous&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Jean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Le 27-mai-09 à&amp;nbsp;21:23,  Souhail Chichah a écrit :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Cher Jean,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Deux petites questions  que j'avais oubliées dans le P.S. de ma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; réponse:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 1) " (...)je travaille  actuellement (...)à un ouvrage sur les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; figures de l'antisémitisme  qui abordera bien entendu le rapport de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; celui-ci avec le sionisme  (et l'antisionisme)."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Aucun lien donc avec  l'ethnicisation de la lecture des rapports de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; domination?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Pourtant la sortie de  Delruelle fournie en préambule de mon premier &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; courriel est un bel exemple  du passage de la dénonciation de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; l'antismétisme à l'islamophobie.  Vas-tu y réagir? La dénoncer voire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; la partager? Etant donné  la position de haut représentant de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; lutte anti-raciste de  son auteur, cette expression n'est-elle pas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; au moins, aussi significative  que celle d'un bouffon?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 2) Dans la typologie  de l'antisémitophile que tu proposes, comment &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; classes-tu Chomsky pour  sa défense de Faurisson quant à son droit à &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; l'expression? Malhonnête,  naif ou pervers?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Bien à&amp;nbsp;toi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Souhail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;---------------------------&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;------------------------------&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;---------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Donc, pour l'instant,  c'est cette contribution qui passe en priorité.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Ceci dit, ta proposition  soulève une autre question : que faut-il &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; penser de quelqu'un  qui est parfaitement à&amp;nbsp;même d'établir au plan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; conceptuel toutes  les distinctions possibles et nécessaires entre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; antisémitisme et  antisionisme et d'éclairer leur "dialectique", &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; mais qui lorsqu'il  est confronté dans les faits au discours le plus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; évidemment antisémite  qui soit, prétend n'en rien savoir et ne rien &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; y voir de mal. N'est-ce  pas exactement ta position (et celle d'un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; certain nombre d'autres)vis-à-vis  de Dieudonné ?&amp;nbsp; Cette cécité &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; volontaire peut relever  de la malhonnêteté intellectuelle, de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; l'hyper-crédulité  politique ou d'une jouissance suscitée par la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; perversité de Dieudonné.  J'ignore laquelle de ces trois &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; explications te convient  mais tu comprendras mon scepticisme quant &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; à ta capacité à  impulser une réflexion sur ces questions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Bien à&amp;nbsp;toi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; jean vogel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;De&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/b&gt; Souhail Chichah [mailto:&lt;a href="mailto:schichah@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;schichah@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Envoyé&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/b&gt; mardi 26 mai 2009 19:06&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;À&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/b&gt; 'Souhail Chichah'; &lt;a href="mailto:jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be" target="_blank"&gt;jean.bricmont@uclouvain.be&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:pebla@noos.fr" target="_blank"&gt;pebla@noos.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:alain.gresh@monde-diplomatique.fr" target="_blank"&gt;alain.gresh@monde-&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;diplomatique.fr&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:istenger@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;istenger@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; 'Nouria Ouali';  'Jean Vogel'; 'Jamal Essamri'; 'kadtshi'; 'malaluf@ulb.ac.be.'; 'Vanhove  Daniel'; &lt;a href="mailto:Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;Dan.Van.Raemdonck@ulb.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; 'MORELLI Anne'; 'Degraef Véronique  (CCFEE)'; &lt;a href="mailto:ouazraf@fusl.ac.be" target="_blank"&gt;ouazraf@fusl.ac.be&lt;/a&gt;; 'Houria Bouteldja'; &lt;a href="mailto:sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr" target="_blank"&gt;sadri_khiari@yahoo.fr&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="mailto:christine.delphy@gmail.com" target="_blank"&gt;christine.delphy@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="mailto:f.burgat@ifporient.org" target="_blank"&gt;f.burgat@ifporient.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objet&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/b&gt; Antisémitisme, antisionisme: quelle dialectique?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #243f60; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;"L'antisionisme  est souvent le masque le plus grossier de l'antisémitisme. Je n'accorde  pas beaucoup de crédit à ce teme, à cause de son ambiguïté. Il  peut signifier une opposition à l'Etat d'Israël mais aussi une haine  des Juifs", déclare dans le Vif de ce 22 mai,&amp;nbsp;Edouard Delruelle,  le directeur du Centre pour l'égalité des chances et la lutte contre  le racisme. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #243f60; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Toujours  dans la même livraison du Vif,&amp;nbsp;Edouard Delruelle se dit "inquiet"  : "L'antisémitisme et le négationnisme font partie du discoursde  l'extrême droite. Si celui-ci se répand dans les couches musulmanes  de la population, cela peut engendrer des tensions entre citoyens". &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #243f60; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A lire  également dans Le Monde d'hier: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2009/05/23/l-antisionisme-de-dieudonne-heritage-contemporain-de-l-antisemitisme_1197112_0.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #003366; font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;L'antisionisme  de Dieudonné, héritage contemporain de l'antisémitisme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_resultats/1,13-0,1-0,0.html?dans=dansarticle&amp;amp;num_page=1&amp;amp;booleen=et&amp;amp;ordre=pertinence&amp;amp;periode=30&amp;amp;sur=LEMONDE&amp;amp;query=Vincent+Duclert" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://www.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;lemonde.fr/web/recherche_&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;resultats/1,13-0,1-0,0.html?&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;dans=dansarticle&amp;amp;num_page=1&amp;amp;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;booleen=et&amp;amp;ordre=pertinence&amp;amp;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;periode=30&amp;amp;sur=LEMONDE&amp;amp;query=&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;Vincent+Duclert&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Chers Amis,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Si les concepts d'antisémitisme  et d'antisionisme sont clairement distincts, force est de constater  qu'ils sont fréquemment articulés voire amalgamés. C'est afin d'objectiver  la dialectique qui les associe que je vous propose un ouvrage collectif  sur base d'une compilation de nos contributions respectives. Deux raisons  principales motivent la démarche. D'une part, lutter contre les racismes,  et d'autre part, clarifier le débat sur la&amp;nbsp;question palestinienne. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Je m'adresse à&amp;nbsp; vous car je pense que vous avez toutes et tous une analyse contrastée  sur la question. L'idée n'étant pas de nous mettre d'accord mais bien  de réunir différentes lectures, qu'elles soient contradictoires ou  complémentaires.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Pourriez-vous svp&amp;nbsp;m'indiquer  si vous êtes intéressés?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Merci par avance,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Souhail Chichah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;PS/ N'hésitez pas à&amp;nbsp; me faire des suggestions d'auteurs potentiels si vous le souhaitez. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/20618867-3958217112856242121?l=hegemonie.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/feeds/3958217112856242121/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=20618867&amp;postID=3958217112856242121&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3958217112856242121'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/20618867/posts/default/3958217112856242121'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegemonie.blogspot.com/2010/12/echange-avec-jean-vogel.html' title='Echange avec Jean Vogel'/><author><name>Le Bougnoulosophe</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E709Tf0b_a4/ThmyFbFXYLI/AAAAAAAACok/M-YUfN5PfVc/s220/indigenes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
